# **ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛞᛁᛗᛖᚾᛊᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ: ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛞᛁᚷᛗᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛁᛏᛁᚷᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛖᛗᛖᚱᚷᛖᚾᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ**

## **ᛁᚾᛏᚱᛟᛞᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ**

ᚦᛖ ᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛏᛖᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ, ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱᛗᚨᚦ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᛟᚾᛞ ᚹᛟᚱᛚᛞ ᚹᚨᚱ, ᚺᚨᛊ ᛏᚱᚨᛞᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛒᛖᛖᚾ ᛈᚱᛖᛞᛁᚲᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ ᛈᚱᛟᚺᛁᛒᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ, ᛊᚨᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᛜᛖᚾᛏ ᛖᚲᛊᚲᛖᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛊᚢᚱᚱᛟᚢᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚨᛊᛃᛗᛗᛖᛏᚱᛁᚲ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ, ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚹᛖᚱᛏ ᛈᚢᚱᛊᚢᛁᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚹᛖᚨᛈᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛗᚨᛊᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛃ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᚠᚢᚾᛞᚨᛗᛖᚾᛏᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛞᛁᛊᚱᚢᛈᛏᛖᛞ ᚦᛁᛊ ᚹᛖᛊᛏᚠᚨᛚᛁᚨᚾ ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛞᛁᚷᛗ. ᚠᚨᚲᛖᛞ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛁᛖᛊ ᚹᛟ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖ ᛟᚢᛏᛊᛁᛞᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᛈᛈᚨᚱᚨᛏᚢᛊᛖᛊ, ᛟᚱ ᚱᛟᚷᚢᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛟᛒᚠᚢᛊᚲᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖᛁᚱ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ, ᚹᛁᚲᛏᛁᛗ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛁᚾᚲᚱᛖᚨᛊᛁᛜᛚᛃ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᚨᛁᛏᛁᛜ ᛏᛟ ᚨᛒᛊᛟᚱᛒ ᚨ ᚠᛁᚱᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚢᚾᛏᛖᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛗᛟᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛁᚾᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛁᛒᛚᛖ. ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ, ᚦᛖ ᚲᚨᛚᚲᚢᛚᚢᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛞᛖᛞ ᛊᛁᚷᚾᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᛏᛟ ᛁᚾᚲᛚᚢᛞᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ—ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᚨᚾ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛒᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᛁᛏ ᛗᚨᛏᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖᛊ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚨ ᚲᛁᚾᛖᛏᛁᚲ ᚱᛖᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ.  
ᚦᛖ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚱᛖᛚᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚨ ᚲᛟᛗᛈᛚᛖᚲᛊ, ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᛊᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛃᚾᚦᛖᛊᛁᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛖᚹᛟᛚᚹᛁᛜ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ, ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚦᛖᛟᚱᛁᛖᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚷᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛗᛁᛏᛁᚷᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ. ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛊᚲᚱᚢᛏᛁᚾᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚹᛁᚦ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ, ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᛊ ᛁᚾᚲᚱᛖᚨᛊᛁᛜᛚᛃ ᛁᚾᚹᛟᚲᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᛖ—ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛁᛞᛞᛚᛖ ᛖᚨᛊᛏ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛟᚢᚦ ᚨᛊᛁᚨ ᛏᛟ ᛚᚨᛏᛁᚾ ᚨᛗᛖᚱᛁᚲᚨ—ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᚨᚱᛃ, ᚨᛚᛒᛖᛁᛏ ᛖᚲᛊᛏᚱᛖᛗᛖ, ᛗᛖᚲᚺᚨᚾᛁᛊᛗ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛊᚢᚱᚹᛁᚹᚨᛚ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛖᛈᛟᚱᛏ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛁᛞᛖᛊ ᚨᚾ ᛖᚲᛊᚺᚨᚢᛊᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛊᛁᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱᛈᛁᚾᚾᛁᛜ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚲᚾᛟᚹᚾ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ. ᛒᛃ ᛖᚲᛊᚨᛗᛁᚾᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᚦᛖ ᛖᛗᛖᚱᚷᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ," ᚦᛖ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛊᛁᛊ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᛟᚹ ᚨ ᛞᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᛖ ᚨᚱᚱᚨᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᛖᛊ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ. ᚠᚢᚱᚦᛖᚱᛗᛟᚱᛖ, ᛒᛃ ᛖᚹᚨᛚᚢᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᛊ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ, ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ, ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ, ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛖᛈᛟᚱᛏ ᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏᛁᚠᛁᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᛟᚾᛞ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛁᚱᛞ-ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚾᛟᚱᛗᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚹᛁᚦᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᚱᛃ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ, ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛁᛜ ᚺᛟᚹ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚱᛖᛊᚺᚨᛈᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚢᚾᛞᚨᛗᛖᚾᛏᚨᛚ ᛒᛟᚢᚾᛞᚨᚱᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ.

## **ᚦᛖ ᛃᚢᚱᛁᛊᛈᚱᚢᛞᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛏᛖᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ**

ᚦᛖ ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛞᛖᛖᛈᛚᛃ ᚨᚾᚲᚺᛟᚱᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ, ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛁᚷᚾᛖᛞ ᛈᚱᛁᛗᚨᚱᛁᛚᛃ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᚨ ᚱᛖᚲᚢᚱᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚹᚨᛊᛏᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ-ᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᚨᚲᛏᛖᚱᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚨᚱᛚᛃ ᛏᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛖᚦ ᚲᛖᚾᛏᚢᚱᛃ. ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 2(4) ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛖᛊ ᚨ ᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ, ᚾᛖᚨᚱᛚᛃ ᚨᛒᛊᛟᛚᚢᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᚺᛁᛒᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛟᚱ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚷᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚱ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛁᚾᛞᛖᛈᛖᚾᛞᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ1. ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛁᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛖᚲᛊᚲᛖᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᛈᚱᛟᚺᛁᛒᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᛊ ᚲᛟᛞᛁᚠᛁᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 51, ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏᛚᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚱᚹᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ "ᛁᚾᚺᛖᚱᛖᚾᛏ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚹᛁᛞᚢᚨᛚ ᛟᚱ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛁᚠ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚲᚲᚢᚱᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨ ᛗᛖᛗᛒᛖᚱ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ"1.  
ᚦᛖ ᚲᚱᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛃᚢᚱᛁᛊᛈᚱᚢᛞᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᛏᛖᚾᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚾᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᛒᚨᛏᛖ ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᛚᛁᛖᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚱᚨᛊᛖ "ᛁᚠ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚲᚲᚢᚱᛊ." ᚨ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ, ᛚᛁᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᛈᚱᛖᛏᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛚᚨᛜᚢᚨᚷᛖ ᛊᚢᚷᚷᛖᛊᛏᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᚠᛃᛊᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᛒᛊᛟᚱᛒ ᚨ ᚲᛁᚾᛖᛏᛁᚲ ᛒᛚᛟᚹ ᛒᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᛁᛏ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛚᚨᚹᚠᚢᛚᛚᛃ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛞ ᚹᛁᚦ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ2. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛚᛟᛜ ᚱᛖᚲᛟᚷᚾᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚾᛖᛖᛞ ᚾᛟᛏ ᚹᚨᛁᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛖ ᚲᚨᛏᚨᛊᛏᚱᛟᚠᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᚲ ᛁᚠ ᚨ ᛞᛖᚹᚨᛊᛏᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᛊ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛒᛚᛃ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚢᚾᚨᚹᛟᛁᛞᚨᛒᛚᛖ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛖᚲᛟᚷᚾᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᛏᛖᛗᛊ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛖ 1837 *ᚲᚨᚱᛟᛚᛁᚾᛖ* ᛁᚾᚲᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏ, ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛏᛖᛊᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ. ᚠᛟᛚᛚᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛒᚱᛁᛏᛁᛊᚺ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚾ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛗᛖᚱᛁᚲᚨᚾ ᚹᛖᛊᛊᛖᛚ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛊᚢᛈᛈᛚᛃᛁᛜ ᚲᚨᚾᚨᛞᛁᚨᚾ ᚱᛖᛒᛖᛚᛊ, ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛊᛖᚲᚱᛖᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛞᚨᚾᛁᛖᛚ ᚹᛖᛒᛊᛏᛖᚱ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᚢᛚᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᛖᛞ ᛟᚾᛚᛃ ᚹᛖᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᛁᛊ "ᛁᚾᛊᛏᚨᚾᛏ, ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚹᛖᛚᛗᛁᛜ, ᛚᛖᚨᚹᛁᛜ ᚾᛟ ᚲᚺᛟᛁᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛗᛖᚨᚾᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚾᛟ ᛗᛟᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛞᛖᛚᛁᛒᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ"1. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚠᛟᚱᛗᚢᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛖᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᛒᛖ ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛖᚾ ᛒᛃ ᚨᚾ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᛖᚱᛁᛚ, ᛞᛖᛗᚨᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛟᛈᛟᚱᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛏᛖ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ ᛏᛁᚷᚺᛏᛚᛃ ᛚᛁᛗᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ.  
ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᚦᛖ *ᚲᚨᚱᛟᛚᛁᚾᛖ* ᛏᛖᛊᛏ ᚲᛟᛞᛁᚠᛁᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚦᛖᛟᚱᛖᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ, ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚢᚱᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚲᛖ (ᛁᚲᛃ) ᚺᚨᛊ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛗᚨᛁᚾᛏᚨᛁᚾᛖᛞ ᚨ ᚺᛁᚷᚺ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ-ᚲᛖᚾᛏᚱᛁᚲ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚹᚨᛏ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ "ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ," ᛈᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᚢᛚᚨᚱᛚᛃ ᚱᛖᚷᚨᚱᛞᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ. ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛖᛗᛁᚾᚨᛚ 1986 *ᚾᛁᚲᚨᚱᚨᚷᚢᚨ* ᚲᚨᛊᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᛁᚲᛃ ᚱᚢᛚᛖᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚨ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛟᚾᛚᛃ ᛚᚨᚹᚠᚢᛚ ᛁᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱ'ᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛒᛖ ᛞᛁᚱᛖᚲᛏᛚᛃ ᚨᛏᛏᚱᛁᛒᚢᛏᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᚱᛟᚢᚷᚺ "ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚ," ᛟᚱ ᛁᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏᛚᛃ "ᛊᛖᚾᛏ" ᚦᛖ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈ ᛟᚾ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛒᛖᚺᚨᛚᚠ3. ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚢᚱᛏ ᚱᛖᚨᚠᚠᛁᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛁᚷᛁᛞ ᛈᛟᛊᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᚾ ᛒᛟᚦ ᚦᛖ *ᛈᚨᛚᛖᛊᛏᛁᚾᛁᚨᚾ ᚹᚨᛚᛚ* ᚨᛞᚹᛁᛊᛟᚱᛃ ᛟᛈᛁᚾᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ *ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚲᚱᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚱᛖᛈᚢᛒᛚᛁᚲ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᛜᛟ ᚹᛊ. ᚢᚷᚨᚾᛞᚨ* ᚲᚨᛊᛖ, ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᚺᛟᛚᛞᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 51 ᛚᛁᛗᛁᛏᛊ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛊᛁᛏᚢᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚨᚱᛖ ᛁᛗᛈᚢᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚹᛟᛊᛖ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛁᛊ ᛒᛖᛁᛜ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛖᛞ10.  
ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛁᚷᛁᛞ ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚱᛁᛒᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚨ ᛊᛖᚹᛖᚱᛖ, ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᛁᚾᛊᚢᚱᛗᛟᚢᚾᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛞᛁᛚᛖᛗᛗᚨ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᛖᚱᚨ. ᚹᛖᚾ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᛟᚱᚷᚨᚾᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛈᛚᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛜᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛖᛞ ᛊᛈᚨᚲᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚨ ᚠᚱᚨᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖᛞ ᛟᚱ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᛚᚨᚲᚲᛊ "ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚ" ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈ, ᚱᛖᚾᛞᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᚲᛏᛁᛗ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖᛟᚱᛖᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱᛚᛖᛊᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛞ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ *ᚾᛁᚲᚨᚱᚨᚷᚢᚨ* ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛞᛁᚷᛗ10. ᛏᛟ ᛒᚱᛁᛞᚷᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᛞᛖᚾᛁᛜ ᚷᚨᛈ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛖᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛁᛗᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᚢᚱᚹᛁᚹᚨᛚ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛖᚾ ᚨ ᚱᚨᛈᛁᛞ, ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ-ᛒᚨᛊᛖᛞ ᛖᚹᛟᛚᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛒᛟᚦ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ.

## **ᛏᚨᚲᛊᛟᚾᛟᛗᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ: ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚹᛊ. ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾ**

ᛏᛟ ᚱᛁᚷᛟᚱᛟᚢᛊᛚᛃ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛉᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛁᛜ ᚠᛁᚱᛊᛏ, ᛁᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᚨᚱᛃ ᛏᛟ ᛞᛖᛚᛁᚾᛖᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛞᛁᛊᛏᛁᚾᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ *ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ* ᚨᚾᛞ *ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ*. ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᛒᛟᚦ ᛁᚾᚹᛟᛚᚹᛖ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛞᛖᛊᛁᚷᚾᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛗᛁᛏᛁᚷᚨᛏᛖ ᚠᚢᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ, ᚦᛖᛃ ᚨᚱᛖ ᚠᚢᚾᛞᚨᛗᛖᚾᛏᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛊᛖᛈᚨᚱᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛟᚲᛊᛁᛗᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ, ᚦᛖᛁᚱ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛖ ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚲᛁᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚢᛊᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ1.  
ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚱ ᛊᛖᚱᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛃ ᚨᚾᛟᚦᛖᚱ ᛈᚨᚱᛏᛃ1. ᛁᛏ ᛁᛊ ᛖᛊᛊᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᛖᚾᛏ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚲᛖᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ. ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚨᛊᛊᚢᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚲᛁᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚹᚨᚱ ᚺᚨᛊ ᚨᛚᚱᛖᚨᛞᛃ ᛒᛖᛖᚾ ᛗᚨᛞᛖ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛃ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛜ ᚱᚨᛈᛁᛞᛚᛃ ᛏᛟ ᛗᛁᛏᛁᚷᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛞᚨᛗᚨᚷᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᚲᛟᛗᛁᛜ ᛒᛚᛟᚹ, ᚢᛈᛊᛖᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛃ'ᛊ ᛊᚲᚺᛖᛞᚢᛚᛖ, ᛟᚱ ᚱᛖᛈᛖᛚ ᚨᚾ ᚢᚾᚨᚹᛟᛁᛞᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛁᚾᚹᚨᛊᛁᛟᚾ1. ᛒᛖᚲᚨᚢᛊᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚱᛖ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚨᚾ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ, ᛗᚨᛏᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ, ᚦᛖᛃ ᚷᛖᚾᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚲᚨᚱᚱᛃ ᛚᛖᛊᛊ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᛊᛏᛁᚷᛗᚨ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚨᚱᛖ ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᚹᛁᛖᚹᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᛚᛖᚷᛁᛏᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖ, ᚨᛚᛒᛖᛁᛏ ᛖᚲᛊᛏᚱᛖᛗᛖ, ᛗᛖᚨᛊᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚱᚹᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ1.  
ᛁᚾ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᚨᛊᛏ, ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᛊ ᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛒᚨᛊᛖᛞ ᛟᚾ ᚨ ᛚᛟᛜ-ᛏᛖᚱᛗ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚠᛟᚱᛖᚲᚨᛊᛏ. ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᛊ ᚨ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ, ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛖᚾᛞᛖᚨᚹᛟᚱ ᚨᛁᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏ ᚨᚾ ᛖᚾᛖᛗᛃ ᚹᛟᛗ ᛟᚾᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛖᚲᛏᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚷᚱᛟᚹ ᛊᛟ ᛊᛏᚱᛟᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛞᛖᛚᚨᛃ ᚹᛟᚢᛚᛞ ᛁᚾᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛒᛚᛃ ᚲᚨᚢᛊᛖ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚨᛏ5. ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛜ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᚨᚲᛏᛖᚱᛁᛊᛏᛁᚲ ᛟᚠ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᛟᚱ ᚲᚾᛟᚹᚾ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛖ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛈᛚᚨᚾᚾᛖᛞ; ᚱᚨᚦᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᛊ ᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᛚᛁᛖᚠ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏ ᛁᛊ ᛁᚾᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛞᛖᛚᚨᛃ ᚹᛟᚢᛚᛞ ᛁᚾᚹᛟᛚᚹᛖ ᚢᚾᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚱᛁᛊᚲ1. ᛗᛟᛊᛏ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᚱᛃ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛚᚨᚱᛊᚺᛁᛈ ᛖᚲᚹᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚢᚾᛈᚱᛟᚹᛟᚲᛖᛞ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚦᛖᚱᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᛁᛏᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ1.

| ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᛈᛏ | ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛟᚲᛊᛁᛗᛁᛏᛃ | ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ | ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᛁᛜ | ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᚲᛖᛞᛖᚾᛏᛊ & ᛊᛏᛁᚷᛗᚨᛏᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ |
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| **ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ** | ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ (ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚹᛁᛊᛁᛒᛚᛃ ᛗᚨᛏᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ; ᛚᛖᚨᚹᛁᛜ ᚾᛟ ᛗᛟᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛞᛖᛚᛁᛒᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ). | ᛏᛟ ᛞᛁᛊᚱᚢᛈᛏ, ᛞᛖᛚᚨᛃ, ᛟᚱ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚨᛏ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚨᛚᚱᛖᚨᛞᛃ ᛁᚾ ᛗᛟᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚢᚾᚨᚹᛟᛁᛞᚨᛒᛚᛖ. | ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᛞᛖᛒᚨᛏᛖᛞ, ᛒᚢᛏ ᚷᛖᚾᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᛖᛞ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ (ᚱᛟᛟᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ *ᚲᚨᚱᛟᛚᛁᚾᛖ* ᛏᛖᛊᛏ). | ᛚᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛊᛏᛁᚷᛗᚨ; ᚹᛁᛖᚹᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ. ᛖᚲᛊᚨᛗᛈᛚᛖ: ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ'ᛊ ᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛁᚲᛊ-ᛞᚨᛃ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᚾ 1967 (ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᚲᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚲᛚᚨᛊᛊᛁᚲ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ)1. |
| **ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ** | ᛞᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾᛏ, ᛈᛟᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ, ᛟᚱ ᛁᚾᛖᚹᛁᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛟᛜ ᛏᛖᚱᛗ (ᚨ ᚷᚨᚦᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ). | ᛏᛟ ᚨᛚᛏᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚢᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛒᛃ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᛟᛃᛁᛜ ᚨ ᚾᚨᛊᚲᛖᚾᛏ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛒᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᛁᛏ ᛗᚨᛏᚢᚱᛖᛊ (e.g., ᚹᛗᛞ ᛈᚱᛟᚷᚱᚨᛗᛊ). | ᚷᛖᚾᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ; ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᛖᚲᚹᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚢᚾᛈᚱᛟᚹᛟᚲᛖᛞ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ. | ᚺᛁᚷᚺ ᛊᛏᛁᚷᛗᚨ. ᛖᚲᛊᚨᛗᛈᛚᛖᛊ: ᚦᛖ 1939 ᚾᚨᛉᛁ ᛁᚾᚹᚨᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛈᛟᛚᚨᚾᛞ; ᚦᛖ 1941 ᛃᚨᛈᚨᚾᛖᛊᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚾ ᛈᛖᚨᚱᛚ ᚺᚨᚱᛒᛟᚱ (ᛒᛟᚦ ᛃᚢᛞᚷᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ)13. |

ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛁᛞᛖᛊ ᛖᚲᛊᛏᛖᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛞᛁᛊᛏᛁᚾᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ. ᚦᛖ ᛈᛖᛚᛟᛈᛟᚾᚾᛖᛊᛁᚨᚾ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛟᚠᚠᛖᚱᛊ ᚨᚾ ᛖᚨᚱᛚᛃ ᛖᚲᛊᚨᛗᛈᛚᛖ, ᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᛊᛈᚨᚱᛏᚨ'ᛊ ᚨᛚᛚᛃ, ᚦᛖᛒᛖᛊ, ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺᛖᛞ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᛟᚾ ᛈᛚᚨᛏᚨᛖᚨ ᛒᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᚨ ᚠᛟᚱᛗᚨᛚ ᛒᚨᛏᛏᛚᛖ ᚲᛟᚢᛚᛞ ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ13. ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᛖᚱᚨ, ᚦᛖ 1941 ᛃᚨᛈᚨᚾᛖᛊᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚾ ᛈᛖᚨᚱᛚ ᚺᚨᚱᛒᛟᚱ ᛁᛊ ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᛟᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛈᛟᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᚠᛚᛖᛖᛏ ᛒᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᚦᛖ U.S. ᚲᛟᚢᛚᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚹᛖᚾᛖ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚨᚱ ᛖᚨᛊᛏ, ᚦᛟᚢᚷᚺ ᛃᚨᛈᚨᚾ ᛗᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᛗᛖᚱᛁᚲᚨᚾ ᛖᚲᛟᚾᛟᛗᛁᚲ ᛖᛗᛒᚨᚱᚷᛟᛖᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛖᛞ ᛈᚱᛁᛟᚱ ᚨᚲᛏᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚹᚨᚱ13. ᚠᛟᛚᛚᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᚹᛟᚱᛚᛞ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᛁ, ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚢᚱᛏᛊ ᚺᚨᛜᛖᛞ ᚷᛖᚱᛗᚨᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛃᚨᛈᚨᚾᛖᛊᛖ ᛟᚠᚠᛁᚲᛁᚨᛚᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛖᛜᚨᚷᛁᛜ ᛁᚾ, ᚨᛗᛟᛜ ᛟᚦᛖᚱ ᚲᚱᛁᛗᛖᛊ, ᚢᚾᛈᚱᛟᚹᛟᚲᛖᛞ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ, ᚲᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᛁᚷᛗᚨ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚺᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ14.  
ᚦᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᛟᚾᛞ-ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛞᚱᚨᚹᚾ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛏᚨᚲᛊᛟᚾᛟᛗᛃ ᛁᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚠᛖᚾᛟᛗᛖᚾᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ *ᛏᛖᚱᛗᛁᚾᛟᛚᛟᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛗᚨᚾᛁᛈᚢᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ*. ᛒᛖᚲᚨᚢᛊᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ ᚲᚨᚱᚱᛃ ᚺᛖᚨᚹᛃ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᛁᚷᛗᚨᛊ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚱᛟᚢᛏᛁᚾᛖᛚᛃ ᛞᛖᛊᚲᚱᛁᛒᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚢᛊᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚹᛟᚲᚨᛒᚢᛚᚨᚱᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ. ᛒᛃ ᚲᛚᚨᛁᛗᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨ ᛚᛟᛜ-ᛏᛖᚱᛗ, ᚷᚨᚦᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᚢᚨᛚᛚᛃ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ," ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᛏᛏᛖᛗᛈᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛊᚺᛁᛖᛚᛞ ᚦᛖᛗᛊᛖᛚᚹᛖᛊ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚨᚲᚲᚢᛊᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚺᚨᚱᚾᛖᛊᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛟᛏᛖᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚨᚠᚠᛟᚱᛞᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 5114. ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛏᛖᚱᛗᛊ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛗᛖᚱᛖᛚᛃ ᚨ ᛊᛖᛗᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲ ᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱ; ᛁᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚨ ᛞᛖᛚᛁᛒᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛗᛖᚲᚺᚨᚾᛁᛊᛗ ᛞᛖᛊᛁᚷᚾᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛚᛖᚷᛁᛏᛁᛗᛁᛉᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛖᛃᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᛗᛖᛊᛏᛁᚲ ᛈᛟᛈᚢᛚᚨᚲᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚾᛟᛏᚨᛒᛚᛃ ᛖᚹᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ 2003 ᛁᚾᚹᚨᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚱᚨᚲ, ᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᛞ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛗᛖ ᚲᚺᚨᛜᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛟᛜ-ᛏᛖᚱᛗ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚹᛖᚨᛈᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛗᚨᛊᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ1.

## **ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ**

ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ (ᚾᛊᚨᛊ)—ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᛊ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚾᛖᛏᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ, ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱᚠᚢᛚ ᛁᚾᛊᚢᚱᚷᛖᚾᚲᛁᛖᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚺᛖᚨᚹᛁᛚᛃ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚲᚨᚱᛏᛖᛚᛊ—ᚺᚨᛊ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖᛞ ᚨ ᚠᚢᚾᛞᚨᛗᛖᚾᛏᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᛖᚹᚨᛚᚢᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ. ᚾᛊᚨᛊ ᚠᚱᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ "ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖᚾᛊ" ᚹᛁᚦᛁᚾ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ, ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛟᛁᛏᛁᛜ ᛈᛟᚱᛟᚢᛊ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱᛊ, ᛞᛁᚠᚠᛁᚲᚢᛚᛏ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᚨᛁᚾ, ᛟᚱ ᛊᛃᛗᛈᚨᚦᛖᛏᛁᚲ ᛚᛟᚲᚨᛚ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ. ᛁᚠ ᚨ ᚹᛁᚲᛏᛁᛗ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚲᛏᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚾ ᚾᛊᚨ ᛁᛊ ᛈᛚᚨᚾᚾᛁᛜ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚨ ᚾᛖᛁᚷᚺᛒᛟᚱᛁᛜ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛃ, ᛁᛏ ᚠᚨᚲᛖᛊ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛟᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛏᚱᛁᛚᛖᛗᛗᚨ: ᛁᛏ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᚲᚺᛟᛟᛊᛖ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛖᚲᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ (ᚦᛖᚱᛖᛒᛃ ᚨᛒᛊᛟᚱᛒᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ), ᚱᛖᛚᛃᛁᛜ ᛟᚾ ᚨ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛗᚨᛃ ᛒᛖ ᚲᛟᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏ, ᛟᚱ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ12.  
ᛏᛟ ᚱᛖᛊᛟᛚᚹᛖ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛞᛖᚨᛞᛚᛟᚲᚲ, ᚨᚾ ᛁᚾᚲᚱᛖᚨᛊᛁᛜ ᚾᚢᛗᛒᛖᚱ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᚨᛞᛟᛈᛏᛖᛞ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛟᛗᛟᛏᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛈᛟᛊᛁᛏᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛖᚾᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛗᚨᛃ ᛚᚨᚹᚠᚢᛚᛚᛃ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨᚾ ᚾᛊᚨ ᛚᛟᚲᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚨ ᚦᛁᚱᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚹᛁᚦᛟᚢᛏ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ'ᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛖᚾᛏ, ᛟᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚨᚢᚦᛟᚱᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᚲᛁᛚ, ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛁᛞᛖᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛖᛁᚦᛖᚱ ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛊᚢᛈᛈᚱᛖᛊᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛁᛏᛊᛖᛚᚠ3.

### **ᛞᛖᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ**

ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛞᛁᛊᛗᚨᚾᛏᛚᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛏᚱᚨᛞᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᚺᛁᛖᛚᛞ ᛟᚠ ᚨᛒᛊᛟᛚᚢᛏᛖ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᛟᚾ ᛏᚹᛟ ᛞᛁᛊᛏᛁᚾᚲᛏ ᛈᚱᛟᛜᛊ:

> 1. **ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜᚾᛖᛊᛊ:** ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᛟᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᚲᛁᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛊᚨ ᛒᚢᛏ ᚱᛖᚠᚢᛊᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛞᛟ ᛊᛟ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᛖᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᚢᛞᛁᛜ ᚹᛁᚦ, ᚺᚨᚱᛒᛟᚱᛁᛜ, ᛟᚱ ᛏᚢᚱᚾᛁᛜ ᚨ ᛒᛚᛁᚾᛞ ᛖᛃᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱ. ᛁᚾ ᚦᛁᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏ, ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛊ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛞᚢᛖ ᛞᛁᛚᛁᚷᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᛒᛚᛁᚷᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᛞᛖᚱᛁᚹᛖᛞ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᛖᚲᛊᛏᛖᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ ᛏᚱᛖᚨᛏᛁᛖᛊ, ᛏᛟ ᛖᚾᛊᚢᚱᛖ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᚢᛊᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᚷᛁᛜ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᚾᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᛖᚾᚲᛖ10.  
> 2. **ᛁᚾᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ:** ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛚᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᚲᛁᛏᛃ, ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚱᛖᚨᚲᚺ, ᛟᚱ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚺᛖᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛊᚨ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚠᚱᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᛟᚲᚲᚢᚱᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ, "ᚷᚱᛖᛃ ᛉᛟᚾᛖᛊ," ᛟᚱ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛖᛗᛒᚱᛟᛁᛚᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚲᛁᚹᛁᛚ ᚹᚨᚱ ᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛖᚾᛏᚱᚨᛚ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛚᛟᛊᛏ ᚨ ᛗᛟᚾᛟᛈᛟᛚᛃ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᛁᛏᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ4.

ᛒᛃ ᛁᚾᚹᛟᚲᛁᛜ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᚲᛏᛁᛗ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛒᛃᛈᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ ᛁᚲᛃ ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᛏᛟ ᚨᛏᛏᚱᛁᛒᚢᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛊᚨ'ᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚹᛁᚨ "ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚ"3. ᚦᛖ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᛊ ᛞᛖᛖᛈᛚᛃ ᚱᛟᛟᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖ ᛟᚠ *ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ*. ᛁᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᚨᚾᚾᛟᛏ ᛟᚱ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᚾᛟᛏ ᚱᛖᛗᛟᚹᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ, ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᚲᛏᛁᛗ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖᛞ, ᛒᛃ ᛊᚺᛖᛖᚱ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ, ᛏᛟ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚹᛖᚾᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛟᛏᛖᚲᛏ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛟᚹᚾ ᛈᛟᛈᚢᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚷᚱᛁᛏᛃ12. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚱᛖᛚᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛗᛁᛊᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛗᛖᚱᛖᛚᛃ ᚨᚾ ᛁᚾᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ, ᛒᚢᛏ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚲᚨᚱᚱᛁᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛁᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛜ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᚺᚨᚱᛗ. ᚹᛖᚾ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛁᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ, ᛁᛏ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᚱᛁᛚᛃ ᚠᛟᚱᚠᛖᛁᛏᛊ ᛁᛏᛊ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ12.

### **ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛖᚲᛟᚾᛞ-ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ**

ᚦᛖ ᚨᛈᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞ ᚺᚨᛊ ᚷᚨᚱᚾᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏ ᛖᚾᛞᛟᚱᛊᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚨ ᚷᚱᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᚲᛟᚨᛚᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ, ᛁᚾᚲᛚᚢᛞᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ, ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚲᛁᛜᛞᛟᛗ, ᚨᚢᛊᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᚨ, ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ, ᚱᚢᛊᛊᛁᚨ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ, ᚹᛟ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛃ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈᛊ ᛚᛁᚲᛖ ᚨᛚ-ᚲᚨᛖᛞᚨ, ᛁᛊᛁᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚲᚲ10. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᚱᛖᛗᚨᛁᚾᛊ ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᚨᛚ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚠᚨᚲᛖᛊ ᚠᛁᛖᚱᚲᛖ ᛟᛈᛈᛟᛊᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛈᛖᚱᚲᛖᛁᚹᛖ ᛁᛏ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚾᛖᛟ-ᛁᛗᛈᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛏᛟᛟᛚ ᛞᛖᛊᛁᚷᚾᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᚲᛁᚱᚲᚢᛗᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ.  
ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᛊ ᛗᛖᚲᛊᛁᚲᛟ, ᛒᚱᚨᛉᛁᛚ, ᛁᚱᚨᚲ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛃᚱᛁᚨ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᛟᛈᛈᛟᛊᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ, ᚱᛖᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᛜ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 51 ᚨᚾᛞ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛁᛜ ᛁᛏ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛖᚾᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ12. ᛟᛈᛈᛟᚾᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛞᚨᛜᛖᚱᛟᚢᛊᛚᛃ ᛊᚢᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ. ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᛗᛁᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚹᛖᚦᛖᚱ ᚨ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ" ᛟᚱ "ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛁᛊ ᚨᛚᛗᛟᛊᛏ ᚨᛚᚹᚨᛃᛊ ᛗᚨᛞᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ, ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛖᛞ ᛟᚾᛚᛃ ᛒᛃ ᚨ ᛚᛟᚹ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛃᚢᛞᚷᛖᛞ "ᚱᛖᚨᛊᛟᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖᚾᛖᛊᛊ"12. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚲᛏᛊ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛚᛟᛟᚠᛟᛚᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹᛊ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛁᛚᛃ ᛊᚢᛈᛖᚱᛁᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛃᛈᚨᛊᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᚲᛁᛚ. ᚲᚱᛁᛏᛁᚲᛊ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛞᛖᛈᛚᛟᛃᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛗᚨᚾᚾᛖᚱ ᚱᛖᚹᛖᚱᛊᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛟᚷᛁᚲ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ, ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹᛁᛜ "ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚷᛖᚾᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᚱᚨᚦᛖᚱ ᚦᚨᚾ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ"3. ᚠᚢᚱᚦᛖᚱᛗᛟᚱᛖ, ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛚᚨᚱᛊ ᛈᛟᛁᚾᛏ ᛟᚢᛏ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᛈᛈᛚᛃᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᛁᛗᛈᛟᚱᛏᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᛗᛖᛊᛏᛁᚲ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᛈᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ ᛚᛁᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᛈᚢᛒᛚᛁᚲ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛒᚢᚱᛞᛖᚾ ᛟᚾᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚱᛖᚷᚨᚱᛞᛚᛖᛊᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛁᛏᛊ ᚲᛟᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏᛃ22.

## **ᚱᛖᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛜ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ": ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ**

ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛖ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᛖᛞ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᛒᛖ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛒᛚᛃ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ." ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ, ᚨᛊ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ *ᚲᚨᚱᛟᛚᛁᚾᛖ* ᛏᛖᛊᛏ, ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏᛚᛃ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ—ᛗᛖᚨᚾᛁᛜ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚺᛟᚢᚱᛊ ᛟᚱ ᛗᛁᚾᚢᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᚹᚨᛃ, ᛚᛖᚨᚹᛁᛜ ᚾᛟ ᛗᛟᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛞᛖᛚᛁᛒᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ2. ᛃᛖᛏ, ᚦᛖ ᚾᚨᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᚨᛊᛃᛗᛗᛖᛏᚱᛁᚲ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ ᚱᛖᚾᛞᛖᚱᛊ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏᛚᛃ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛟᛒᛊᛟᛚᛖᛏᛖ. ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚾᛖᛏᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ ᛞᛟ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛗᛟᛒᛁᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᛗᚨᛊᛊᛖᛞ ᚨᚱᛗᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚨ ᚹᛁᛊᛁᛒᛚᛖ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ; ᚦᛖᛃ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᛚᚨᚾᛞᛖᛊᛏᛁᚾᛖᛚᛃ, ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᛁᚾ ᛞᚨᚱᚲ ᚾᛖᛏᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᛚᚨᚾᚾᛁᛜ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛒᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛖᚲᚢᛏᛖᛞ ᚱᚨᛈᛁᛞᛚᛃ, ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᛏᚱᛁᚷᚷᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᚱᛖᛗᛟᛏᛖᛚᛃ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚨᛒᚱᛟᚨᛞ7. ᛁᚠ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᚹᚨᛁᛏ ᚢᚾᛏᛁᛚ ᚨ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚺᚨᛊ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊᛖᛞ ᚨ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛟᚱ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᚲᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᚾᛞᛟᚹ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚲᛖᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᛊ ᛚᛁᚲᛖᛚᛃ ᚨᛚᚱᛖᚨᛞᛃ ᚲᛚᛟᛊᛖᛞ.  
ᛏᛟ ᚨᛞᛞᚱᛖᛊᛊ ᚦᛁᛊ ᚠᚱᛁᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛖᚾᚹᛁᚱᛟᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏ, ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛚᚨᚱᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾᛖᚱᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛊᛟᚢᚷᚺᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ. ᚦᛖ ᛗᛟᛊᛏ ᛈᚱᛟᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ, ᚲᛟᛗᛈᚱᛖᚺᛖᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᚢᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛖᚠᚠᛟᚱᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚦᛖ "ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ," ᚠᛟᚱᛗᚢᛚᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ 2012 ᛒᛃ ᛊᛁᚱ ᛞᚨᚾᛁᛖᛚ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ, ᚠᛟᚱᛗᛖᚱ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚨᛞᚹᛁᛊᛖᚱ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚲᛁᛜᛞᛟᛗ'ᛊ ᚠᛟᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᛟᚾᚹᛖᚨᛚᚦ ᛟᚠᚠᛁᚲᛖ7.

### **ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚹᛊ. ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ**

ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛊᛟᛚᛖᛚᛃ ᚨ ᚲᚹᛖᛊᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛏᛁᛗᛁᛜ. ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛖᚨᛞ, ᚹᛖᚦᛖᚱ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᛊ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᛒᛖ ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛖᛞ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚᛚᛃ, ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚨ "ᚱᛖᚨᛊᛟᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛒᚨᛊᛁᛊ" ᛒᛃ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛉᛁᛜ ᛊᛖᚹᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚾᚹᛖᚱᚷᛁᛜ ᚠᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ7. ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ ᛊᛏᛁᛈᚢᛚᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛒᛊᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᛖᚹᛁᛞᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚱᛖᚷᚨᚱᛞᛁᛜ ᛈᚱᛖᚲᛁᛊᛖᛚᛃ *ᚹᛖᚱᛖ* ᛟᚱ *ᚹᛖᚾ* ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᛏᚨᚲᛖ ᛈᛚᚨᚲᛖ ᛞᛟᛖᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᚲᛚᚢᛞᛖ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛚᚢᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᛊ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ25. ᚦᛖ ᚠᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᛁᚾᚲᛚᚢᛞᛖ:

> 1. **ᚦᛖ ᚾᚨᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᚲᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ:** ᛖᚹᚨᛚᚢᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈ, ᚦᛖᛁᚱ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛒᛖᚺᚨᚹᛁᛟᚱ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛖᚦᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᛈᛟᛊᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ7.  
> 2. **ᛈᚱᛟᛒᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ:** ᚦᛖ ᛚᛁᚲᛖᛚᛁᚺᛟᛟᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᛟᚲᚲᚢᚱ ᛁᚠ ᛈᚱᛟᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛗᛁᛏᛁᚷᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛏᚨᚲᛖᚾ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ7.  
> 3. **ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᚱᛏᛖᛞ ᛈᚨᛏᛏᛖᚱᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛁᛜ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛁᛏᛃ:** ᛁᚠ ᚨ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱ ᛁᛊ ᛖᛜᚨᚷᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚨᚾ ᛟᛜᛟᛁᛜ, ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᚲᚨᛗᛈᚨᛁᚷᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ, ᛁᛊᛟᛚᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛈᛚᚨᚾᚾᛁᛜ ᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚨᚱᛖ ᚹᛁᛖᚹᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᛈᚨᚱᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛟᚢᛊ, ᚱᛟᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᚱᚨᚦᛖᚱ ᚦᚨᚾ ᛞᛁᛊᚲᚱᛖᛏᛖ, ᛞᛁᛊᚲᛟᚾᚾᛖᚲᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᚲᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏᛊ. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹᛊ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚹᛁᛖᚹ ᛈᛖᚱᛁᛟᛞᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚨᛈᛈᚨᚱᛖᚾᛏ ᚲᚨᛚᛗ ᚨᛊ ᛗᛖᚱᛖᛚᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛈᚨᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᚨᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨ ᛒᚱᛟᚨᛞᛖᚱ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚲᛃᚲᛚᛖ7.  
> 4. **ᚦᛖ ᛊᚲᚨᛚᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚺᚨᚱᛗ:** ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᛃᛖᚲᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛃᚢᚱᛃ, ᛚᛟᛊᛊ, ᛟᚱ ᛞᚨᛗᚨᚷᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᛚᛁᚲᛖᛚᛃ ᚱᛖᛊᚢᛚᛏ ᛁᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚨᚲᛏ7.

| ᛞᛁᛗᛖᚾᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ | ᛏᚱᚨᛞᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲ (ᚲᚨᚱᛟᛚᛁᚾᛖ ᛏᛖᛊᛏ) | ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲ (ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ) |
| :---- | :---- | :---- |
| **ᛈᚱᛁᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛗᛖᛏᚱᛁᚲ** | ᛏᛁᛗᛖ (ᚺᛟᚢᚱᛊ/ᛗᛁᚾᚢᛏᛖᛊ ᚢᚾᛏᛁᛚ ᛁᛗᛈᚨᚲᛏ)2. | ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ, ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛏ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛟᛒᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ7. |
| **ᛖᚹᛁᛞᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛞ** | ᚹᛁᛊᛁᛒᛚᛖ ᛗᛟᛒᛁᛚᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ; ᛚᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚠ ᛈᛖᚨᚲᛖᚠᚢᛚ ᚨᛚᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᚹᛖᛊ; ᛁᚾᛊᛏᚨᚾᛏ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ2. | ᚱᛖᚨᛊᛟᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛒᚨᛊᛁᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ; ᚨᛒᛊᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᛏᛁᛗᛖ/ᛈᛚᚨᚲᛖ ᛞᚨᛏᚨ ᛁᛊ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ25. |
| **ᚹᛁᛖᚹ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ** | ᛞᛁᛊᚲᚱᛖᛏᛖ, ᛊᛁᛜᚢᛚᚨᚱ ᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛊ7. | ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᚱᛏᛖᛞ ᛈᚨᛏᛏᛖᚱᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛁᛜ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛁᛏᛃ7. |
| **ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ** | ᚾᚨᚱᚱᛟᚹᛚᛃ ᚱᛖᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ; ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᛗᚨᛊᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚱᛗᛁᛖᛊ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᛊᚢᚱᛈᚱᛁᛊᛖ ᛁᚾᚹᚨᛊᛁᛟᚾᛊ4. | ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛃ ᛈᚱᛟᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ; ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚦᛖ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏᛁᛜ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᚹᛖᚱᛏ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱ ᚾᛖᛏᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖᚾᛊ9. |

### **ᚦᛁᚱᛞ-ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᚷᚺᛏᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ**

ᚦᛖ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ *ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ* ᛏᛟ *ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ* ᚠᚢᚾᛞᚨᛗᛖᚾᛏᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᛚᛏᛖᚱᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛒᚢᚱᛞᛖᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛟᛟᚠ ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ. ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲ, ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛞᛟᛖᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᚾᛖᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᛊ ᚨᛒᛟᚢᛏ ᛏᛟ ᚺᚨᛈᛈᛖᚾ ᛏᛟᛗᛟᚱᚱᛟᚹ; ᛁᛏ ᛟᚾᛚᛃ ᚾᛖᛖᛞᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨ ᚺᛟᛊᛏᛁᛚᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈ ᛈᛟᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛁᛜ ᚾᛟᚹ ᚱᛖᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᛊᛏ ᚹᛁᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚹᛁᚾᛞᛟᚹ ᛟᚠ ᛟᛈᛈᛟᚱᛏᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᚢᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᚺᚨᚱᛗ8.  
ᚦᛁᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᛈᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏ ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᛒᛚᚢᚱᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛁᚾᛖ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᛚᛖᚷᛁᛏᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ. ᛒᛃ ᛊᛏᚱᛖᛏᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛁᚾᚲᛚᚢᛞᛖ "ᛈᚨᛏᛏᛖᚱᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛁᛜ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛁᛏᛃ," ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛁᛜ ᛞᛟᚱᛗᚨᚾᛏ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚲᚨᛗᛈᛊ, ᛚᛟᚷᛁᛊᛏᛁᚲᛊ ᚾᛟᛞᛖᛊ, ᛟᚱ ᚠᛁᚾᚨᚾᚲᛁᚨᛚ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᛚᛟᛜ ᛒᛖᚠᛟᚱᛖ ᚨ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ ᛈᛚᛟᛏ ᛗᚨᛏᚢᚱᛖᛊ8. ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᚦᛁᛊ ᚨᚠᚠᛟᚱᛞᛊ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚠᛚᛖᚲᛊᛁᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᚨᚱᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚲᛟᛗᛒᚨᛏ ᛊᚺᚨᛞᛟᚹᛃ ᚾᛖᛏᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ, ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛚᚨᚱᛊ ᛚᛁᚲᛖ ᛞᚨᛈᛟ ᚨᚲᚨᚾᛞᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛟᛗᚨᛊ ᛚᛁᛖᚠᛚäᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚾᛟᛏᛖ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᛁᛜ ᚹᚨᚷᚢᛖ ᚷᛖᚾᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ, ᚱᚨᚦᛖᚱ ᚦᚨᚾ ᛈᚱᛖᚲᛁᛊᛖ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞᛊ, ᚹᛖᚨᚲᛖᚾᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᚹ'ᛊ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛏᛟ ᛁᛗᛈᛟᛊᛖ ᛗᛖᚨᚾᛁᛜᚠᚢᛚ ᚱᛖᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛏᛊ27. ᛁᛏ ᛈᛟᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛖᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖᛊ ᛖᚾᛞᛚᛖᛊᛊ, ᛚᛟᚹ-ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏ, ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛈᛖᚱᛈᛖᛏᚢᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚲᛚᚨᛁᛗ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛃ ᚱᛖᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛟᚢᛊ, ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛗᚢᛊᛏ ᛒᛖ ᛈᛖᚱᛁᛟᛞᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛞᛖᚷᚱᚨᛞᛖᛞ ᚦᚱᛟᚢᚷᚺ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ.

## **ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᛗᚨᚾᛁᚠᛖᛊᛏᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ: ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ**

ᚦᛖ ᛞᛁᛊᚲᛟᚢᚱᛊᛖ ᛊᚢᚱᚱᛟᚢᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᛁᛊ ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᚺᛖᚨᚹᛁᛚᛃ ᛊᚲᛖᚹᛖᛞ ᛏᛟᚹᚨᚱᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᛟᛊᛏ-9/11 "ᛒᚢᛊᚺ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ," ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᛞᚹᛟᚲᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨ "ᛟᚾᛖ ᛈᛖᚱᚲᛖᚾᛏ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ"—ᛊᚢᚷᚷᛖᛊᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛖᚹᛖᚾ ᚨ ᛟᚾᛖ ᛈᛖᚱᚲᛖᚾᛏ ᚲᚺᚨᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚹᛗᛞᛊ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᛖᛞ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ15. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛟᚠᛁᛊᛏᛁᚲᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛒᛖᛖᚾ ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚷᚱᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚾᚢᛗᛖᚱᛟᚢᛊ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛜ ᚲᚺᚱᛟᚾᛁᚲ, ᛞᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ. ᚨᚾ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛊᛁᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ ᚨᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ ᛞᛁᚠᚠᛖᚱᛖᚾᛏ ᚷᛖᛟᚷᚱᚨᚠᛁᚲ ᚦᛖᚨᛏᛖᚱᛊ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᛟᚹ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛖᚲᛊᛖᚲᚢᛏᛖ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚱᛖᛞᚢᚲᛖ ᚲᚾᛟᚹᚾ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ.

### **ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ: ᚦᛖ ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ "ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ"**

ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛖᚾᚹᛁᚱᛟᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᛁᚾ ᛊᛟᚢᚦ ᚨᛊᛁᚨ ᛁᛊ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᚨᚲᛏᛖᚱᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚨ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚺᚨᛜ, ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚨᚾᛁᛗᛟᛊᛁᛏᛃ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚨ ᛞᛖᛖᛈ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚨᛊᛃᛗᛗᛖᛏᚱᛁᚲ ᚹᚨᚱᚠᚨᚱᛖ. ᛁᚾ ᚠᛖᛒᚱᚢᚨᚱᛃ 2019, ᚨ ᛞᛖᚹᚨᛊᛏᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᛊᚢᛁᚲᛁᛞᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚲᚨᚱᚱᛁᛖᛞ ᛟᚢᛏ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ-ᛒᚨᛊᛖᛞ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱ ᛃᚨᛁᛊᚺ-ᛖ-ᛗᛟᚺᚨᛗᛗᛖᛞ (ᛃᛖᛗ) ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨᚾ ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖᛊ ᛁᚾ ᛈᚢᛚᚹᚨᛗᚨ, ᚲᚨᛊᚺᛗᛁᚱ33. ᛁᚾ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ, ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᛖᚲᛊᛖᚲᚢᛏᛖᛞ ᛞᛖᛖᛈ-ᛈᛖᚾᛖᛏᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᛁᚱᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨ ᛃᛖᛗ ᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛁᛜ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛁᚾ ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ, ᛊᛁᛏᚢᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖ ᚢᚾᛞᛁᛊᛈᚢᛏᛖᛞ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾᛁ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛃ16.  
ᚦᛖ ᛟᚠᚠᛁᚲᛁᚨᛚ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛁᛞᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨᚾ ᛗᛁᚾᛁᛊᛏᚱᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛖᚲᛊᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛚ ᚨᚠᚠᚨᛁᚱᛊ ᚱᛖᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚨ ᛗᚨᛊᛏᛖᚱᚲᛚᚨᛊᛊ ᛁᚾ ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛁᛜ. ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏᛚᛃ ᚲᚨᛏᛖᚷᛟᚱᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚾᛟᛏ ᚨᛊ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚲᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚹᚨᚱ, ᛒᚢᛏ ᚨᛊ ᚨ "ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ"16.

> 1. **"ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ":** ᛒᛃ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏᛁᛜ ᚨ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚲᚨᛗᛈ ᛊᛁᛏᚢᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚨ ᚱᛖᛗᛟᛏᛖ "ᚦᛁᚲᚲ ᚠᛟᚱᛖᛊᛏ ᛟᚾ ᚨ ᚺᛁᛚᛚᛏᛟᛈ" ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᚹᛟᛁᛞᛁᛜ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾᛁ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᚨᛚᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚱ ᚲᛁᚹᛁᛚᛁᚨᚾ ᛁᚾᚠᚱᚨᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖ, ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᛊᛟᚢᚷᚺᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛊᛁᚷᚾᚨᛚ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛁᛏᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᚾᛟᛏ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚲᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ16. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛁᛜ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᛖᛗᛈᛏ ᛏᛟ ᚠᚢᛚᚠᛁᛚᛚ ᚦᛖ *ᛈᚱᛟᛈᛟᚱᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ* ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ34.  
> 2. **"ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ":** ᚱᛖᛚᛃᛁᛜ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚹᛟᛚᚹᛁᛜ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᛈᚱᛖᛏᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 51, ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᚲᛚᚨᛁᛗᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ "ᚲᚱᛖᛞᛁᛒᛚᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᛚᛚᛁᚷᛖᚾᚲᛖ" ᚦᚨᛏ ᛃᛖᛗ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᛈᛚᚨᚾᚾᛁᛜ ᚨᚾᛟᚦᛖᚱ ᚹᚨᚹᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᛊᚢᛁᚲᛁᛞᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚨᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ. ᛒᛖᚲᚨᚢᛊᛖ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚨᛚᛚᛖᚷᛖᛞᛚᛃ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛁᛜ ᛏᛟ ᛞᛁᛊᛗᚨᚾᛏᛚᛖ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᚲᚨᛗᛈᛊ—ᛖᛗᛒᛟᛞᛃᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞ—ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᚨᚾᛏ, ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚹᛖᛚᛗᛁᛜ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚠᛏ ᚾᛟ ᛗᛟᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛞᛖᛚᛁᛒᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ16.

**ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᚷᚺᛏ:** ᚦᛖ ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᛊᛁᚷᚾᛁᚠᛃ ᚨ ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛞᛁᚷᛗ ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏ ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨᚾ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ—ᛗᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᚨᚹᚨᛃ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ "ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚱᛖᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛏ" ᛏᛟᚹᚨᚱᛞ "ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛒᛃ ᛈᚢᚾᛁᛊᚺᛗᛖᚾᛏ"33. ᛒᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᚢᚲᛏᛁᛜ ᚲᛁᚾᛖᛏᛁᚲ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ 80 ᚲᛁᛚᛟᛗᛖᛏᛖᚱᛊ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾᛁ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛃ, ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᛏᛊ ᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜᚾᛖᛊᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚲᚨᛚᛚ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ'ᛊ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᛒᛚᚢᚠᚠ, ᛖᚲᛊᛟᚱᚲᛁᛊᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ33. ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛖᛞ ᚨ ᚾᛖᚹ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ: ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᚾᛟᚹ ᛒᛖ ᛗᛖᛏ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚲᛟᚾᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ33. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛞᛟᚷᚠᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛏᚹᛟ ᚨᛁᚱ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚠᛟᛚᛚᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᛞᚨᛃ—ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᚹᛁᚠᛏ ᚱᛖᛏᛟᚱᛏ—ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᚱᛖᛊᚢᛚᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚹᚾᛁᛜ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᚨᛈᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨᚾ ᚠᛁᚷᚺᛏᛖᚱ ᛈᛁᛚᛟᛏ35. ᚦᛁᛊ ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛁᚷᚺᛏᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛖᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᛖᛊᚲᚨᛚᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚱᛁᛊᚲᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ-ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚾᛖᛁᚷᚺᛒᛟᚱᛊ; ᛟᚾᚲᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ ᛁᛊ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊᛖᛞ, ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛚᛟᛊᛖᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚ ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛃ'ᛊ ᛖᛊᚲᚨᛚᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚲᚺᛟᛁᚲᛖᛊ35.

### **ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ: ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛖᚲᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ**

ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ'ᛊ ᚷᛖᛟᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛖᚾᚹᛁᚱᛟᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏ—ᛊᚢᚱᚱᛟᚢᚾᛞᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᛁᛏᛏᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ—ᚺᚨᛊ ᛒᛁᚱᚦᛖᛞ ᛟᚾᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛟᛊᛏ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚠᛟᚱᛗᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ: ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ39. ᚾᚨᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ ᛈᚱᛁᛗᛖ ᛗᛁᚾᛁᛊᛏᛖᚱ ᛗᛖᚾᚨᚲᚺᛖᛗ ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ, ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛁᛊ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ, ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᚲᛃ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛏᛁᛈᚢᛚᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᚾᛖᚹᛖᚱ ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹ ᚨᚾ ᛖᚾᛖᛗᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᛁᛏᛏᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚨᚲᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖ ᚹᛖᚨᛈᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛗᚨᛊᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ39.  
ᚦᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛒᛖᛖᚾ ᚲᛁᚾᛖᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᛈᛈᛚᛁᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛃ ᛈᚢᛒᛚᛁᚲᛁᛉᛖᛞ, ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛞᛁᚷᛗ-ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏᛁᛜ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ:

> 1. **ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨ (1981):** ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚱᚨᚲ'ᛊ ᛟᛊᛁᚱᚨᚲ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᚱᛖᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱ. ᛏᚹᛟ ᛞᚨᛃᛊ ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ, ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᚨᛊ "ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚨᛏ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛒᛖᛊᛏ," ᚠᚨᛗᛟᚢᛊᛚᛃ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᚨᛁᛏᛁᛜ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᚨᛞᛞᚨᛗ ᚺᚢᛊᛊᛖᛁᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚨᚲᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖ ᚨ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᛒᛟᛗᛒ ᚹᛟᚢᛚᛞ ᛁᚾᚹᛁᛏᛖ "ᚨᚾᛟᚦᛖᚱ ᚺᛟᛚᛟᚲᚨᚢᛊᛏ"39. ᛞᛖᛊᛈᛁᛏᛖ ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ'ᛊ ᚲᛚᚨᛁᛗᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 51, ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ, ᛁᚾᚲᛚᚢᛞᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᚲᛁᛚ (ᚹᛁᚨ ᚱᛖᛊᛟᛚᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ 487\) ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ, ᚢᚾᚨᚾᛁᛗᛟᚢᛊᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᛖᛗᚾᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚠᛚᚨᚷᚱᚨᚾᛏ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᚹᛁᛖᚹᛁᛜ ᛁᛏ ᚨᛊ ᚨᚾ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ39.  
> 2. **ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚢᛏᛊᛁᛞᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛒᛟᚲᛊ (2007):** ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛚ ᚲᛁᛒᚨᚱ ᚷᚱᚨᚠᛁᛏᛖ-ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛁᚾ ᛊᛃᚱᛁᚨ, ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛒᛖᛁᛜ ᛒᚢᛁᛚᛏ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚾᛟᚱᚦ ᚲᛟᚱᛖᚨᚾ ᚨᛊᛊᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾᚲᛖ39.

**ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᚷᚺᛏ:** ᚨᚾ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛊᛁᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛏᚹᛟ ᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚱᛖᚹᛖᚨᛚᛊ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛟᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞ, ᛊᛁᛚᛖᚾᛏ ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏ ᛁᚾ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᚾᛟᚱᛗᛊ. ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᚦᛖ 1981 ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᛖᛗᚾᛖᛞ, ᚦᛖ 2007 ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛗᛖᛏ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚨ ᚾᛖᚨᚱ-ᛏᛟᛏᚨᛚ ᚾᛖᚹᛊ ᛒᛚᚨᚲᚲᛟᚢᛏ ᛒᛃ ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᚨᚾᚲᛖ—ᛟᚱ ᚨᛏ ᛚᛖᚨᛊᛏ ᚨ ᛚᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛁᚷᚾᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᚾᛏ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᛖᛗᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ—ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ40. ᚦᛁᛊ ᛊᚢᚷᚷᛖᛊᛏᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚹᛖᚾᛁᛜ ᛞᛖᚲᚨᛞᛖᛊ, ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ ᚺᚨᛊ ᚲᚹᛁᛖᛏᛚᛃ ᛒᛖᚷᚢᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚱᛟᚷᚢᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ, ᛖᚹᛖᚾ ᛁᚠ ᚦᛖᛃ ᚱᛖᛗᚨᛁᚾ ᛏᛖᚲᚺᚾᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛁᛚᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ, ᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᚨᛞᛁᛜ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ41. ᚠᚢᚱᚦᛖᚱᛗᛟᚱᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛖ ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚᛁ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚲᚨᛚᚲᚢᛚᚢᛊ ᚱᛖᚷᚨᚱᛞᛁᛜ ᛁᚱᚨᚾ'ᛊ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᛈᚱᛟᚷᚱᚨᛗ. ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛉᛖᛊ ᛊᚨᛒᛟᛏᚨᚷᛖ, ᚲᛃᛒᛖᚱ-ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ (e.g., ᛊᛏᚢᚲᛊᚾᛖᛏ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏᛁᛜ ᚾᚨᛏᚨᚾᛉ ᚲᛖᚾᛏᚱᛁᚠᚢᚷᛖᛊ), ᚨᚾᛞ ᛞᛁᚱᛖᚲᛏ, ᛚᚨᚱᚷᛖ-ᛊᚲᚨᛚᛖ ᚨᛁᚱᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᛊ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛏᛟᛟᛚᛊ, ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛖᚾ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᛒᛖᛚᛁᛖᚠ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᚨᛁᛏᛁᛜ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛏᛟ ᚠᚢᛚᛚᛃ ᛗᚨᛏᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛊᛃᚾᛟᚾᛃᛗᛟᚢᛊ ᚹᛁᚦ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᚢᛁᚲᛁᛞᛖ39.

### **ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ: ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛞᛁᛚᛖᛗᛗᚨ**

ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ ᚺᚨᛊ ᚱᛖᛈᛖᚨᛏᛖᛞᛚᛃ ᛖᛜᚨᚷᛖᛞ ᛁᚾ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛟᚢᛊ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚾᛟᚱᚦᛖᚱᚾ ᛁᚱᚨᚲ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᛃᚱᛁᚨ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚲᚢᚱᛞᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ ᚹᛟᚱᚲᛖᚱᛊ' ᛈᚨᚱᛏᛃ (ᛈᚲᚲ), ᚦᛖ ᛈᛖᛟᛈᛚᛖ'ᛊ ᛈᚱᛟᛏᛖᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛊ (ᛃᛈᚷ), ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛁᛊᛚᚨᛗᛁᚲ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ (ᛁᛊᛁᛊ)11. ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᛊ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛈᛖᚨᚲᛖ ᛊᛈᚱᛁᛜ ᛁᚾ 2019 ᚨᚱᛖ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ'ᛊ ᚱᛖᛚᛁᚨᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛗᚨᚾᚨᚷᛖ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱᛊ.  
ᛁᚾ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᛚᛁᚲᛁᛏᛚᛃ ᛁᚾᚹᛟᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ 51 ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ ᛁᚾ ᛚᛖᛏᛏᛖᚱᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᚲᛁᛚ, ᚲᛁᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚹᛁᛞᚢᚨᛚ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ"11. ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ'ᛊ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚱᛖᛚᛃ ᚺᛖᚨᚹᛁᛚᛃ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛟᚷᛁᚲ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞ, ᚨᛊᛊᛖᚱᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛒᛖᚲᚨᚢᛊᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛖᚾᛏᚱᚨᛚ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛃᚱᛁᚨ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᚱᚨᚲ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛚᛟᛊᛏ ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚ ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᚦᛖᛁᚱ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᚨ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᚹᚨᚲᚢᚢᛗ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛒᛖᛖᚾ ᚲᚱᛖᚨᛏᛖᛞ. ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛖᛊ ᛁᛏ ᚺᚨᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈᛊ ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᚨᚲᚢᚢᛗ ᛏᛟ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺ ᚱᛟᚲᚲᛖᛏᛊ, ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛊᛊᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛁᚱᛖ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᚾᛁᛈᛖᚱ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛁᛊᚺ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛃ4.  
**ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᚷᚺᛏ:** ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ'ᛊ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚹᛁᚹᛁᛞᛚᛃ ᛁᛚᛚᚢᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚱᛁᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᚺᛁᛒᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ. ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛚᚨᚱᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᚱᛁᛏᛁᚲᛊ ᛈᛟᛁᚾᛏ ᛟᚢᛏ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ "ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛊᛊᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛁᚱᛖ" ᛞᛟᛖᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛗᛖᛖᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛁᚷᚺ ᚷᚱᚨᚹᛁᛏᛃ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ ᛟᚠ ᚨ ᛚᚨᚱᚷᛖ-ᛊᚲᚨᛚᛖ "ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ" ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ'ᛊ ᛗᚨᛊᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛁᚾᚲᚢᚱᛊᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛟᛈᛟᚱᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ24. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ'ᛊ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᚨ ᚷᚱᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ: ᚹᛖᚾ ᚾᛖᛁᚷᚺᛒᛟᚱᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚠᚱᚨᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚢᛜᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛖᛞ "ᚷᚱᛖᛃ ᛉᛟᚾᛖᛊ," ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛁᛚᛃ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚹᛁᛚᛚ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚱᛖᛞᚱᚨᚹ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺ "ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᛉᛟᚾᛖᛊ" ᚦᚱᛟᚢᚷᚺ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ12. ᚦᛖᛃ ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᛊᚢᛒᛟᚱᛞᛁᚾᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ *ᛞᛖ ᛃᚢᚱᛖ* ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚱᚨᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖᛁᚱ ᛟᚹᚾ *ᛞᛖ ᚠᚨᚲᛏᛟ* ᛞᛟᛗᛖᛊᛏᛁᚲ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᛁᛗᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᚹᛖᛊ.

### **ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ: ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᛖᚾᛁᚲᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛏᚨᚱᚷᛖᛏᛁᛜ ᛟᚠ ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖᚾᛊ**

ᛁᚾ ᛗᚨᚱᚲᚺ 2008, ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨᚾ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛖᚲᛊᛖᚲᚢᛏᛖᛞ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᛖᚾᛁᚲᛊ, ᚨ ᛚᛁᚷᚺᛏᚾᛁᛜ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᚱᚨᛁᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᛖᚲᚢᚨᛞᛟᚱᛁᚨᚾ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛃ. ᚦᛖ ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᛟᛃ ᚨ ᚲᛚᚨᚾᛞᛖᛊᛏᛁᚾᛖ ᚲᚨᛗᛈ ᛒᛖᛚᛟᛜᛁᛜ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛖᚹᛟᛚᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᚱᛃ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ (ᚠᚨᚱᚲ) ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᛁᛚᛚ ᛁᛏᛊ ᛊᛖᚲᛟᚾᛞ-ᛁᚾ-ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚨᚾᛞ, ᛚᚢᛁᛊ Éᛞᚷᚨᚱ ᛞᛖᚹᛁᚨ ᛊᛁᛚᚹᚨ, ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᚲᚾᛟᚹᚾ ᚨᛊ ᚱᚨúᛚ ᚱᛖᛃᛖᛊ23. ᚦᛖ ᚲᚨᛗᛈ ᚹᚨᛊ ᛊᛁᛏᚢᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᛃᚢᛊᛏ 1,850 ᛗᛖᛏᛖᚱᛊ ᚨᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ ᚦᛖ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ, ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛈᛚᚨᚲᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛖᚹᚨᛞᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛊᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ "ᛈᛚᚨᚾ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ" ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚠᚨᚱᚲ ᛏᛟ ᛈᛚᚨᚾ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᛗᚨᚾᚨᚷᛖ ᚠᛁᚾᚨᚾᚲᛖᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᛒᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ48.  
ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᚹᛁᚦᛟᚢᛏ ᚾᛟᛏᛁᚠᛃᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚲᚢᚨᛞᛟᚱᛁᚨᚾ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏ, ᛏᚱᛁᚷᚷᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚨ ᛊᛖᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚲᚱᛁᛊᛁᛊ. ᛖᚲᚢᚨᛞᛟᚱᛁᚨᚾ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏ ᚱᚨᚠᚨᛖᛚ ᚲᛟᚱᚱᛖᚨ ᛞᛖᚾᛟᚢᚾᚲᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚱᚨᛁᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚲᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚹᛖᚾᛖᛉᚢᛖᛚᚨᚾ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏ ᚺᚢᚷᛟ ᚲᚺáᚹᛖᛉ ᛗᛟᛒᛁᛚᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᛏᚱᛟᛟᛈᛊ ᛁᚾ ᛊᛟᛚᛁᛞᚨᚱᛁᛏᛃ, ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛁᚷᚺᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚷᛖᛟᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚠᚱᚨᚷᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾ48. ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨᚾ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛗᛁᚱᚱᛟᚱᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ ᛈᚨᚱᚨᛞᛁᚷᛗᛊ ᛊᛖᛖᚾ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚᛚᛃ: ᚦᛖ ᚾᛊᚨ ᚺᚨᛞ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛖᛞ ᚨᚾ "ᛁᚾᛞᛖᛈᛖᚾᛞᛖᚾᛏ ᚱᛖᛈᚢᛒᛚᛁᚲ" ᛁᚾ ᚨᚾ ᚢᛜᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛖᛞ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛊᛈᚨᚲᛖ, ᚢᛏᛁᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚨ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖᚾ ᛏᛟ ᛈᛟᛊᛖ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛁᚾᚢᛟᚢᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛏᛟ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨᚾ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ, ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᚨᚾ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᚨᚾᛏᚨᚾᛖᛟᚢᛊ, ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᚲᚢᚱᛊᛁᛟᚾ23.  
**ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᚷᚺᛏ:** ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᛖᚾᛁᚲᛊ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛒᛟᚦ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛁᚷᚺ ᛖᚠᚠᛁᚲᚨᚲᛃ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛈᛖᚱᛁᛚ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛞᛖᚲᚨᛈᛁᛏᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ. ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚨ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᛈᛟᛁᚾᛏ, ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᚹᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚱᛖᛊᛟᚢᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᛏᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛊᚢᚲᚲᛖᛊᛊ. ᛁᛏ ᛖᛚᛁᛗᛁᚾᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚨ ᚲᛖᛃ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛚᛖᚨᛞᛖᚱ, ᚱᛖᚲᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᛚᛚᛁᚷᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᚢᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᛞᛖᛏᚨᛁᛚᛁᛜ ᚠᚨᚱᚲ'ᛊ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛊᚢᛈᛈᛟᚱᛏ, ᛊᛖᚹᛖᚱᛖᛚᛃ ᛞᛖᚷᚱᚨᛞᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈ'ᛊ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᚨᛈᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚨᛚᛏᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈ'ᛊ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚲᚨᛚᚲᚢᛚᚢᛊ (ᚦᛖᛁᚱ "ᛒᛖᛊᛏ ᚨᛚᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚨ ᚾᛖᚷᛟᛏᛁᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚨᚷᚱᛖᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ")48. ᚦᛁᛊ ᛁᚾᚲᚱᛖᚨᛊᛖᛞ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛊᚢᚱᛖ ᛁᛊ ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛚᛃ ᚹᛁᛖᚹᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚲᚨᛏᚨᛚᛃᛊᛏ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛚᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛈᛖᚨᚲᛖ ᚾᛖᚷᛟᛏᛁᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, ᚢᛚᛏᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖᛚᛃ ᚲᚢᛚᛗᛁᚾᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲ 2016 ᚺᚨᚹᚨᚾᚨ ᚨᚲᚲᛟᚱᛞᛊ50. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛖᚲᚢᚨᛞᛟᚱᛁᚨᚾ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛖᚲᛊᚨᚲᛏᛖᛞ ᚨ ᚺᛖᚨᚹᛃ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᛏᛟᛚᛚ, ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚹᛁᛚᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖᚾᛊ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛒᚱᛖᚨᚲ ᚨ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᛚᛖᛗᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᚾ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛟᛏᚱᚨᚲᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛊᚢᚱᚷᛖᚾᚲᛃ, ᚦᛖ ᛚᛟᛜ-ᛏᛖᚱᛗ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚹᛁᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛞᛖᛈᛖᚾᛞᛊ ᚺᛖᚨᚹᛁᛚᛃ ᛟᚾ ᛗᚨᚾᚨᚷᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛊᚢᛒᛊᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚠᚨᛚᛚᛟᚢᛏ48.

## **ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗᛁᚲ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ: ᚦᛖ ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚲᚱᚨᛏᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ**

ᚦᛖ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᚷᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ—ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ, ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ, ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ—ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚲᚾᛟᚹᚾ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟ ᛚᛟᛜᛖᚱ ᚨᚾ ᚨᚾᛟᛗᚨᛚᛃ ᚱᛖᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛊᚢᛈᛖᚱᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱᛊ; ᛁᛏ ᚺᚨᛊ ᛒᛖᚲᛟᛗᛖ ᚨ ᚾᛟᚱᛗᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖᛞ, ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛒᛚᛖ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᚱᚢᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᚲᚱᚨᚠᛏ. ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᚱᛖᛚᛁᚨᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚾ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ ᛚᛁᚲᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᚨᚾᛞ "ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ" ᚷᛖᚾᛖᚱᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛈᚱᛟᚠᛟᚢᚾᛞ ᛊᛖᚲᛟᚾᛞ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛁᚱᛞ-ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗ.

| ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗᛁᚲ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ | ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛁᛜ ᛗᛖᚲᚺᚨᚾᛁᛊᛗ | ᛚᛟᛜ-ᛏᛖᚱᛗ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᚲᛖ |
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| **ᛖᚱᛟᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛒᚨᚱᚱᛁᛖᚱ** | ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛁᚾᚲᚱᛖᚨᛊᛁᛜᛚᛃ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛖᚱᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾ ᚾᛊᚨ ᚲᛟᛗᛈᚱᛟᛗᛁᛊᛖᛊ ᚨ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ'ᛊ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ, ᛖᚠᚠᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᛈᛖᚾᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚹᛖᚨᚲ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚦᛖᛁᚱ ᛁᚾᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛏᛟ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾ12. | ᚨ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛏᛟᚹᚨᚱᛞ ᚨ ᚾᛖᛟ-ᛁᛗᛈᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᛖᚾᚹᛁᚱᛟᚾᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱᚠᚢᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚠᚱᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᚨᛏᛖ ᚦᛖ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚹᛖᚨᚲᛖᚱ, ᚠᚱᚨᚷᛁᛚᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᛒᚨᚾᚾᛖᚱ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ, ᛈᛖᚱᛗᚨᚾᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᚨᛚᛏᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱᛊ3. |
| **ᛚᛟᚹᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏ** | ᚱᛖ-ᛞᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛜ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ" ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᚱᛏᛖᛞ ᛈᚨᛏᛏᛖᚱᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᚹᛁᛏᛃ ᚨᛚᛚᛟᚹᛊ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚢᛊᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᛗᚢᚲᚺ ᛖᚨᚱᛚᛁᛖᚱ ᛁᚾ ᚨ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ'ᛊ ᛚᛁᚠᛖᚲᛃᚲᛚᛖ, ᚱᛖᛗᛟᚹᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛖ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᛏᛖ7. | ᛁᚾᚲᚱᛖᚨᛊᛖᛞ ᚠᚱᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᚲᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛁᚾᛖᛏᛁᚲ ᛖᛜᚨᚷᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ. ᛒᛃ ᚾᛟᚱᛗᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ, ᚦᛖ ᛈᛊᛃᚲᚺᛟᛚᛟᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛒᚨᚱᚱᛁᛖᚱᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᚠᛁᚱᛊᛏ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚨᚱᛖ ᛞᚱᚨᛊᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛚᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛞ27. |
| **ᛖᛊᚲᚨᛚᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛏᚱᚨᛈᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ "ᛒᚨᛁᛏᛁᛜ"** | ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᛞᛟᛈᛏ ᛗᚢᛊᚲᚢᛚᚨᚱ "ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛒᛃ ᛈᚢᚾᛁᛊᚺᛗᛖᚾᛏ" ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ, ᛟᚠᛏᛖᚾ ᚠᚢᛖᛚᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᛞᛟᛗᛖᛊᛏᛁᚲ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᛊ, ᚠᛖᛖᛚᛁᛜ ᚲᛟᛗᛈᛖᛚᛚᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ/ᚱᛖᛏᚨᛚᛁᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛟᛃᛖᚲᛏ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᛊᛟᛚᚹᛖ35. | ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᚾᛊᚨᛊ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛒᚨᛁᛏ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ-ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ, ᛊᛈᚨᚱᚲᛁᛜ ᛁᚾᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛏᛖᚾᛏ, ᚢᚾᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚᛚᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛖᛊᚲᚨᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ (e.g., ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ-ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ ᛞᛃᚾᚨᛗᛁᚲ ᛈᛟᛊᛏ-ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ)33. |
| **ᛊᚢᛒᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ** | ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᛗᛁᚾᛖ ᚹᛖᚾ ᚨ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛁᛊ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ, ᚹᛖᚦᛖᚱ ᚨ ᚺᛟᛊᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ," ᚨᚾᛞ ᚹᚨᛏ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛖᛊ ᚨ ᛈᚱᛟᛈᛟᚱᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ, ᛒᛃᛈᚨᛊᛊᛁᛜ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛖᚾᛊᚢᛊ3. | ᚦᛖ ᛗᚨᚱᚷᛁᚾᚨᛚᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᚲᛁᛚ. ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚱᛁᛊᚲᛊ ᛒᛖᚲᛟᛗᛁᛜ ᚨᚾ *ᚨ ᛈᛟᛊᛏᛖᚱᛁᛟᚱᛁ* ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚱᚨᚹ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᛏᛁᚲᛊ, ᚱᚨᚦᛖᚱ ᚦᚨᚾ ᚨᚾ *ᚨ ᛈᚱᛁᛟᚱᛁ* ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛏ ᛟᚾ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᛖᚾᚲᛖ3. |

ᚦᛖ ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛖᚲᚹᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛏᚱᛖᚾᛞᛊ ᛁᛊ ᚦᛖ "ᛞᛖᛗᛟᚲᚱᚨᛏᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ." ᛁᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᛈᚱᛖᛏᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᛈᛁᛟᚾᛖᛖᚱᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᛏᛖᚲᚺᚾᛟᛚᛟᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᛞᚹᚨᚾᚲᛖᛞ ᛟᚱ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛞᛟᛗᛁᚾᚨᚾᛏ ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱᛊ ᚨᚱᛖ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, ᚦᛟᛊᛖ ᛊᚨᛗᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛈᚱᛖᚲᛖᛞᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᛒᛖᚲᛟᛗᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᚹᚨᛁᛚᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚨᛚᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ. ᚨ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛏᛖᚲᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᚲᚨᚱᛖᚠᚢᛚᛚᛃ ᛞᛖᛊᛁᚷᚾᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚹᛖᛊᛏᛖᚱᚾ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛃ ᚨ ᛊᚢᚱᚷᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛞᚱᛟᚾᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨ ᚱᛖᛗᛟᛏᛖ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚲᚨᛗᛈ ᚲᚨᚾ ᛖᚨᛊᛁᛚᛃ ᛒᛖ ᚱᛖᛈᚢᚱᛈᛟᛊᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᛟᚦᛖᚱ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛃ ᚠᚢᛚᛚ-ᛊᚲᚨᛚᛖ, ᛞᛖᚹᚨᛊᛏᚨᛏᛁᛜ ᛁᚾᚹᚨᛊᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚷᚢᛁᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚨᚾ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ" ᛟᚱ ᚨᚾ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ" ᚾᛖᛁᚷᚺᛒᛟᚱ. ᚹᛁᚦᛟᚢᛏ ᚨᚾ ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ, ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᚨᚲᚲᛖᛈᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᛒᛁᛏᛖᚱ ᛏᛟ ᚹᛖᚱᛁᚠᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᛚᛚᛁᚷᛖᚾᚲᛖ, ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊ ᛏᚱᚢᛖ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚨᚢᚦᛟᚱᛁᛉᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗ ᚱᛖᛚᛁᛖᛊ ᛊᛟᛚᛖᛚᛃ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᚱᛖᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚹᛁᛞᚢᚨᛚ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ—ᚨ ᛗᛖᚲᚺᚨᚾᛁᛊᛗ ᚦᚨᛏ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛖᛊ ᛁᛊ ᚨ ᚺᛁᚷᚺᛚᛃ ᚢᚾᚱᛖᛚᛁᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛊᚨᚠᛖᚷᚢᚨᚱᛞ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛟᚢᛏᛒᚱᛖᚨᚲ ᛟᚠ ᚹᚨᚱ.

## **ᚲᛟᚾᚲᛚᚢᛊᛁᛟᚾ**

ᚦᛖ ᛖᚹᛟᛚᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚱᛖᚠᛚᛖᚲᛏᛊ ᚨ ᛞᛖᛖᛈ, ᚢᚾᚱᛖᛊᛟᛚᚹᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗᛁᚲ ᛏᛖᚾᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᚲᛃ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛒᚱᚢᛏᚨᛚ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᚨᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛏᚹᛖᚾᛏᛃ-ᚠᛁᚱᛊᛏ-ᚲᛖᚾᛏᚢᚱᛃ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏ ᛗᛁᛏᛁᚷᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ. ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᛜᛖᚾᛏ ᛚᛁᛗᛁᛏᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᛏᛖᛞ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚲᚺᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱ, ᛞᛖᛊᛁᚷᚾᛖᛞ ᛈᚱᛁᛗᚨᚱᛁᛚᛃ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚲᛟᚾᚲᚹᛖᛊᛏ ᛒᛖᛏᚹᛖᛖᚾ ᚱᛖᚲᛟᚷᚾᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ, ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛖᚾ ᛁᚾᛊᚢᚠᚠᛁᚲᛁᛖᚾᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛟᛏᛖᚲᛏ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚦᛖ ᚾᛖᛒᚢᛚᛟᚢᛊ, ᚱᚨᛈᛁᛞ-ᛟᚾᛊᛖᛏ ᛞᚨᛜᛖᚱᛊ ᛈᛟᛊᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᛏᚱᚨᚾᛊᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏ ᚾᛖᛏᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ, ᛈᛟᚹᛖᚱᚠᚢᛚ ᛁᚾᛊᚢᚱᚷᛖᚾᚲᛁᛖᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚹᛖᚱᛏ ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚹᛖᚨᛈᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛗᚨᛊᛊ ᛞᛖᛊᛏᚱᚢᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ.  
ᛁᚾ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛁᛏᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᚹᛖᛚᛃ ᛊᛏᚱᛖᛏᚲᚺᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚲᚢᛊᛏᛟᛗᚨᚱᛃ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ. ᛒᛃ ᚨᛞᚹᚨᚾᚲᛁᛜ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ ᛊᚢᚲᚺ ᚨᛊ ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᚠᚢᚾᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛒᛃᛈᚨᛊᛊᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛏ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᚲᚹᛁᚱᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᛏᛏᚱᛁᛒᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ, ᚨᚱᚷᚢᛁᛜ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖᚠᚢᛚᛚᛃ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᚲᚨᚾᚾᛟᛏ ᛊᛖᚱᚹᛖ ᚨᛊ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛒᛊᛟᛚᚢᛏᛖ, ᛁᛗᛈᛖᚾᛖᛏᚱᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛊᚺᛁᛖᛚᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚺᛟᛊᛏᛁᛚᛖ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᛈᛚᛟᛏᛏᛁᛜ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚹᛁᚦᛁᚾ ᛈᛟᚱᛟᚢᛊ ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱᛊ. ᛊᛁᛗᚢᛚᛏᚨᚾᛖᛟᚢᛊᛚᛃ, ᛒᛃ ᚨᛞᛟᛈᛏᛁᛜ ᚠᚱᚨᛗᛖᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ ᚨᚲᛁᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚺᚨᚹᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛞᛖᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛏᛖᛗᛈᛟᚱᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛏᛊ ᛟᚠ "ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ" ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᚨ ᛒᚱᛟᚨᛞ, ᚲᛟᚾᛏᛖᚲᛊᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᚹᛁᚾᛞᛟᚹ ᛟᚠ ᛟᛈᛈᛟᚱᛏᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ, ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛃᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᛒᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚠᚢᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᚺᚨᚱᛗ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚾᛏ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾ ᚨᛞᚹᛖᚱᛊᚨᚱᛃ, ᚱᚨᚦᛖᚱ ᚦᚨᚾ ᚹᚨᛁᛏᛁᛜ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨ ᛊᛈᛖᚲᛁᚠᛁᚲ, ᛁᛗᛈᛖᚾᛞᛁᛜ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛏᛟ ᛗᚨᛏᛖᚱᛁᚨᛚᛁᛉᛖ.  
ᚦᛖ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᚾᚨᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛁᛊ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏ ᛁᛊ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚾᛁᚨᛒᛚᛖ. ᚹᛖᚦᛖᚱ ᛁᛏ ᛁᛊ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᚾᛖᚢᛏᚱᚨᛚᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱ ᚲᚨᛗᛈᛊ ᛞᛖᛖᛈ ᛁᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ ᛏᛟ ᚱᛖ-ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᛞᛖᛏᛖᚱᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖ, ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ ᛚᚨᚢᚾᚲᚺᛁᛜ ᚨᚢᛞᚨᚲᛁᛟᚢᛊ ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛈᚱᛟᛚᛁᚠᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛁᚱᚨᚲ, ᛊᛃᚱᛁᚨ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᚱᚨᚾ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᛖᚲᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᚨᚾᚾᛁᚺᛁᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ, ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ ᚲᚨᚱᚹᛁᛜ ᛟᚢᛏ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛒᚢᚠᚠᛖᚱ ᛉᛟᚾᛖᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᛁᛜ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛏᛟ ᚲᛟᛗᛒᚨᛏ ᛁᚾᛊᚢᚱᚷᛖᚾᚲᛁᛖᛊ, ᛟᚱ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ ᚱᚨᛁᛞᛁᛜ ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᛊᚨᚠᛖ ᚺᚨᚹᛖᚾᛊ ᛏᛟ ᛒᚱᛖᚨᚲ ᚨ ᛞᛖᚲᚨᛞᛖᛊ-ᛚᛟᛜ ᛞᛟᛗᛖᛊᛏᛁᚲ ᛊᛏᚨᛚᛖᛗᚨᛏᛖ, ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᚱᛖ ᛃᚢᛊᛏᛁᚠᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚱᛖᛗᚨᛁᚾᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏ. ᚹᛖᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᚢᚱᚹᛁᚹᚨᛚ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛁᛊ ᛈᛖᚱᚲᛖᛁᚹᛖᛞ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛖ ᚨᛏ ᚱᛁᛊᚲ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᛟᚱ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᛗᛖᚲᚺᚨᚾᛁᛊᛗᛊ ᚠᚨᛁᛚ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛟᚹᛁᛞᛖ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᛏᛖ ᚱᛖᛚᛁᛖᚠ, ᚦᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚹᛁᛟᛚᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚱᛁᛞᛖᛊ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛒᛊᛏᚱᚨᚲᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛖᚱᚹᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛁᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᛚ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ.  
ᚺᛟᚹᛖᚹᛖᚱ, ᚦᛖ ᚹᛁᛞᛖᛊᛈᚱᛖᚨᛞ ᚨᛞᛟᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚾᛟᚱᛗᚨᛚᛁᛉᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖᛊᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛊᛁᚹᛖ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᚹᛁᚦᛟᚢᛏ ᛊᛖᚹᛖᚱᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᚲ ᚲᛟᛊᛏᛊ. ᛒᛃ ᛊᛃᛊᛏᛖᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚᛚᛃ ᛚᛟᚹᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚦᚱᛖᛊᚺᛟᛚᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ, ᛊᚺᛁᚠᛏᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᛒᚢᚱᛞᛖᚾ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛟᛟᚠ ᚨᚹᚨᛃ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛁᛗᛗᛖᛞᛁᚨᚲᛃ ᛏᛟᚹᚨᚱᛞ ᛊᚢᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛈᚱᛟᛒᚨᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛁᛟᚱᛁᛏᛁᛉᛁᛜ ᚢᚾᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ, ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᚱᛁᛊᚲ ᛖᚱᛟᛞᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚹᛖᚱᛃ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚾᛟᚱᛗᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚾᚨᚱᚲᚺᛁᚲ ᚹᚨᚱᚠᚨᚱᛖ. ᚦᛖ ᚢᛚᛏᛁᛗᚨᛏᛖ ᚲᚺᚨᛚᛚᛖᛜᛖ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᚢᚾᛁᛏᛃ ᛁᛊ ᚾᛟᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛒᛚᛁᚾᛞᛚᛃ ᛈᚱᛟᚺᛁᛒᛁᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛁᛟᚾ—ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚷᛗᚨᛏᛁᚲ ᚱᛖᚨᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᚲᚱᚨᚠᛏ ᚱᛖᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᛗᛈᛟᛊᛊᛁᛒᛚᛖ—ᛒᚢᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺ ᚱᛁᚷᛟᚱᛟᚢᛊ, ᛟᛒᛃᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛖᚹᛁᛞᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᚱᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞᛊ ᚦᚨᛏ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᛜᚢᚨᚷᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᛒᛖᛁᛜ ᚹᛁᛖᛚᛞᛖᛞ ᚨᛊ ᚨ ᚲᛟᚾᚹᛖᚾᛁᛖᚾᛏ, ᛊᚨᚾᛁᛏᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚲᛚᛟᚨᚲ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚲᚺᛖᚲᚲᛖᛞ ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ.

#### **ᚹᛟᚱᚲᛊ ᚲᛁᛏᛖᛞ**

> 1. ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ \- ᚹᛁᚲᛁᛈᛖᛞᛁᚨ, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive\_war](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preemptive_war)  
> 2. ᚦᛖ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖ ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ \- ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᛞᛁᛈᛚᛟᛗᚨᚲᛃ, [https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2025/06/29/the-legality-of-preemptive-strike-in-international-law/](https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2025/06/29/the-legality-of-preemptive-strike-in-international-law/)  
> 3. ᚦᛖ U.S. ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚹᛖᚾᛖᛉᚢᛖᛚᚨ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚲᚱᛖᛞᛁᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛃ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚨᚾᛏᛁ-ᚨᚷᚷᚱᛖᛊᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᚾᛟᚱᛗ, [https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/the-u-s-strikes-against-venezuela-and-the-credibility-of-the-anti-aggression-norm/](https://voelkerrechtsblog.org/the-u-s-strikes-against-venezuela-and-the-credibility-of-the-anti-aggression-norm/)  
> 4. ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ: ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚦᚱᛖᚨᛏᛊ, [https://hrlr.law.columbia.edu/files/2018/09/JoseLuisAragonCardielAman-1.pdf](https://hrlr.law.columbia.edu/files/2018/09/JoseLuisAragonCardielAman-1.pdf)  
> 5. ᚦᛖ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖᛊ: ᚨ ᚱᛖᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ, [https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/SSI-Media/Recent-Publications/Article/3896267/the-implications-of-preemptive-and-preventive-war-doctrines-a-reconsideration/](https://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/SSI-Media/Recent-Publications/Article/3896267/the-implications-of-preemptive-and-preventive-war-doctrines-a-reconsideration/)  
> 6. ᚹᛁᚲᚺ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛊ ᛊᚢᛈᛈᛟᚱᛏ ᚦᛖ 'ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ' ᛏᛖᛊᛏ? \- ᛚᚨᚹᚠᚨᚱᛖ, [https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/which-states-support-unwilling-and-unable-test](https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/which-states-support-unwilling-and-unable-test)  
> 7. ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, [https://law.uq.edu.au/files/25365/2017%2004%2011%20-%20Attorney-General%20-%20Speech%20-%20The%20Right%20of%20Self-Defence%20Against%20Imminent%20Armed%20Attack%20in%20International%20Law%20-%20for%20publication.pdf](https://law.uq.edu.au/files/25365/2017%2004%2011%20-%20Attorney-General%20-%20Speech%20-%20The%20Right%20of%20Self-Defence%20Against%20Imminent%20Armed%20Attack%20in%20International%20Law%20-%20for%20publication.pdf)  
> 8. ᚠᚢᛚᛚ ᚨᚱᛏᛁᚲᛚᛖ: ᚱᛖᚲᛟᚾᚲᛖᛈᛏᚢᚨᛚᛁᛊᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ 'ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ' ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20531702.2022.2097618](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20531702.2022.2097618)  
> 9. ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ \- ᛖᛃᛁᛚ: ᛏᚨᛚᚲ\!, [https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-right-of-self-defence-against-imminent-armed-attack-in-international-law/](https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-right-of-self-defence-against-imminent-armed-attack-in-international-law/)  
> 10. ᚦᛖ "ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ" ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᚨᚱᛞ ᚠᛟᚱ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ \- ᛟᛈᛁᚾᛁᛟ ᛃᚢᚱᛁᛊ, [http://opiniojuris.org/2011/09/17/the-unwilling-or-unable-standard-for-self-defense-against-non-state-actors/](http://opiniojuris.org/2011/09/17/the-unwilling-or-unable-standard-for-self-defense-against-non-state-actors/)  
> 11. ᚦᛖ ᛁᚾᚹᛟᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛏᛟ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛁᚾ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛞᚢᚲᛏᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈᛊ: ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚨᛏᛏᚱᛁᛒᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ | ᛚᛖᛁᛞᛖᚾ ᛃᛟᚢᚱᚾᚨᛚ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ | ᚲᚨᛗᛒᚱᛁᛞᚷᛖ ᚲᛟᚱᛖ, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/invocation-of-the-right-to-selfdefence-in-response-to-armed-attacks-conducted-by-armed-groups-implications-for-attribution/940ED1D777AA475D94DEFF3589E063E0](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/leiden-journal-of-international-law/article/invocation-of-the-right-to-selfdefence-in-response-to-armed-attacks-conducted-by-armed-groups-implications-for-attribution/940ED1D777AA475D94DEFF3589E063E0)  
> 12. ᛃᚢᛊ ᚨᛞ ᛒᛖᛚᛚᚢᛗ ᛊᛖᚱᛁᛖᛊ: ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛗᛖᚾᚨ ᚱᛖᚷᛁᛟᚾ, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20531702.2024.2419762](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20531702.2024.2419762)  
> 13. ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱᛊ: ᚨ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚨᚾ'ᛊ ᛈᛖᚱᛊᛈᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ \- ᚺᛟᛟᚹᛖᚱ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛁᛟᚾ, [https://www.hoover.org/research/preemptive-strikes-and-preventive-wars-historians-perspective](https://www.hoover.org/research/preemptive-strikes-and-preventive-wars-historians-perspective)  
> 14. ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ: ᛟᚹᛖᚱᚹᛁᛖᚹ | ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᚲᛁᛖᚾᚲᛖ | ᚱᛖᛊᛖᚨᚱᚲᚺ ᛊᛏᚨᚱᛏᛖᚱᛊ \- ᛖᛒᛊᚲᛟ, [https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/preemptive-strikes-overview](https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/preemptive-strikes-overview)  
> 15. ᛞᛟᛃᛚᛖ ᚨᛞᛞᚱᛖᛊᛊᛖᛊ ᛁᛊᛊᚢᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛈᚱᛖᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᛖᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚾᛖᚹ ᛒᛟᛟᚲ \- ᚲᛟᛚᚢᛗᛒᛁᚨ ᛚᚨᚹ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛟᛚ, [https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/doyle-addresses-issue-preemptive-strikes-new-book](https://www.law.columbia.edu/news/archive/doyle-addresses-issue-preemptive-strikes-new-book)  
> 16. ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛖᚲᛖᚾᛏ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ-ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ ᛗᛁᛚᛁᛏᚨᚱᛃ ᛊᛏᚨᚾᛞᛟᚠᚠ \- ᛟᛈᛁᚾᛁᛟ ᛃᚢᚱᛁᛊ, [http://opiniojuris.org/2019/03/08/legal-implications-of-the-recent-india-pakistan-military-standoff/](http://opiniojuris.org/2019/03/08/legal-implications-of-the-recent-india-pakistan-military-standoff/)  
> 17. ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ: ᚨ ᚹᛁᛖᚹ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᛈᚱᛁᚹᚨᛏᛖ ᛚᚨᚹ, [https://journals.law.harvard.edu/ilj/wp-content/uploads/sites/84/HLI102\_crop-2.pdf](https://journals.law.harvard.edu/ilj/wp-content/uploads/sites/84/HLI102_crop-2.pdf)  
> 18. ᚲᚺᚨᛚᛚᛖᛜᛁᛜ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚱᛖᚠᛁᚾᛁᛜ ᚦᛖ “ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ” ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ \- ᚹᚨᚾᛞᛖᚱᛒᛁᛚᛏ ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᛏᛃ, [https://cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-wp0/wp-content/uploads/sites/78/2019/05/25133137/7.20Martin20.pdf](https://cdn.vanderbilt.edu/vu-wp0/wp-content/uploads/sites/78/2019/05/25133137/7.20Martin20.pdf)  
> 19. ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ ᚨᛊ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛏᚹᚨᛁᛚ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛞᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ: ᚨ ᚲᚱᛁᛏᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᚨᚾᚨᛚᛃᛊᛁᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ'ᛊ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛈᚱᚨᚲᛏᛁᚲᛖ ᛁᚾ \- ᛒᚱᛁᛚᛚ, [https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004437784/BP000016.xml](https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004437784/BP000016.xml)  
> 20. ᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲᛁᛈᚨᛏᛟᚱᛃ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛏᛊ (ᚲᚺᚨᛈᛏᛖᚱ 12\) \- ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱ-ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ ᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏᛖᚷᛁᛖᛊ ᛁᚾ ᚨ ᚠᚱᚨᚷᛗᛖᚾᛏᛖᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/counterterrorism-strategies-in-a-fragmented-international-legal-order/anticipatory-selfdefence-against-terrorists/731DCFCE135EAC94D2238927B828B8B8](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/counterterrorism-strategies-in-a-fragmented-international-legal-order/anticipatory-selfdefence-against-terrorists/731DCFCE135EAC94D2238927B828B8B8)  
> 21. “ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ” \- U.S. ᚾᚨᚹᚨᛚ ᚹᚨᚱ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᛖᚷᛖ ᛞᛁᚷᛁᛏᚨᛚ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᛟᚾᛊ, [https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3071\&context=ils](https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3071&context=ils)  
> 22. ᚦᛖ 'ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ' ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᚢᚾᛗᚨᛊᚲᛖᛞ \- ᛗᚨᚨᛊᛏᚱᛁᚲᚺᛏ ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᛏᛃ, [https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/files/96318712/McGibbon\_2021\_The\_unwilling\_or\_unable\_doctrine.pdf](https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/files/96318712/McGibbon_2021_The_unwilling_or_unable_doctrine.pdf)  
> 23. “ᚷᚱᛖᛃ ᛉᛟᚾᛖᛊ” ᛁᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ: ᚨᚱᛖᚨᛊ ᚲᛟᚾᛏᚱᛟᛚᛚᛖᛞ ᛒᛃ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨᚾ ᚠᚨᚱᚲ-ᛖᛈ \- ᛞᛁᚨᛚᚾᛖᛏ, [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6000760.pdf](https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6000760.pdf)  
> 24. ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚨᛈᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚢᚾᚹᛁᛚᛚᛁᛜ ᛟᚱ ᚢᚾᚨᛒᛚᛖ ᛏᛖᛊᛏ ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛊᛃᚱᛁᚨᚾ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏ ᛞᚱ. ᚹᚨᛊᛖᛖᛗ ᚨᚺᛗᚨᛞ ᚲᚹᚱᛖᛊᚺᛁ\* ᚱᛖᚲᛖᚾᛏᛚᛃ,, [https://drexel.edu/\~/media/Files/law/law%20review/v11-1/Qureshi%206199.ashx](https://drexel.edu/~/media/Files/law/law%20review/v11-1/Qureshi%206199.ashx)  
> 25. ᚲᚺᚨᛈᛏᛖᚱ 102 ᛞᚨᚾᛁᛖᛚ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ, ᛊᛖᛚᚠ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ (ᚨᚾᛞ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ ᛒᛃ ᛖ ᚹᛁᛚᛗᛊᚺᚢᚱᛊᛏ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛗ ᚹᛟᛟᛞ), 2012 ᛁᚾ \- ᛒᚱᛁᛚᛚ, [https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004386242/BP000102.xml](https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004386242/BP000102.xml)  
> 26. ᚺᛟᚹ ᚦᛖ ᛖᚲᛊᛈᚨᚾᛊᛁᛟᚾ ᛟᚠ "ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ" ᚺᚨᛊ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱᛗᛁᚾᛖᛞ ᚲᛟᚾᛊᛏᚱᚨᛁᚾᛏᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ, [https://www.justsecurity.org/88346/the-expansion-of-self-defense/](https://www.justsecurity.org/88346/the-expansion-of-self-defense/)  
> 27. ᚾᛟᛏᛖᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚲᛟᛗᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ ᚲᛚᚨᚱᛁᚠᛃᛁᛜ ᚾᛖᚲᛖᛊᛊᛁᛏᛃ, ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᚲᛖ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚱᛟᛈᛟᚱᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ \- ᛁᚾ ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᚹ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ \- ᚲᚨᛗᛒᚱᛁᛞᚷᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛊ & ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛗᛖᚾᛏ, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/58DB932FE99BA0E097989AB277995BD9/S000293000000052Xa.pdf/clarifying-necessity-imminence-and-proportionality-in-the-law-of-self-defense.pdf](https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/58DB932FE99BA0E097989AB277995BD9/S000293000000052Xa.pdf/clarifying-necessity-imminence-and-proportionality-in-the-law-of-self-defense.pdf)  
> 28. ᛞᚨᚾᛁᛖᛚ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ ᛟᚾ ᛈᚱᛁᚾᚲᛁᛈᛚᛖᛊ ᚷᛟᚹᛖᚱᚾᛁᛜ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ | ᛚᚨᚹᚠᚨᚱᛖ, [https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/readings-daniel-bethlehem-principles-governing-self-defense-against-non-state-actors](https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/readings-daniel-bethlehem-principles-governing-self-defense-against-non-state-actors)  
> 29. ᚲᚺᚨᛈᛏᛖᚱ 102 ᛞᚨᚾᛁᛖᛚ ᛒᛖᚦᛚᛖᚺᛖᛗ, ᛊᛖᛚᚠ ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ (ᚨᚾᛞ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ ᛒᛃ ᛖ ᚹᛁᛚᛗᛊᚺᚢᚱᛊᛏ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛗ ᚹᛟᛟᛞ), 2012 ᛁᚾ \- ᛒᚱᛁᛚᛚ, [https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004386242/BP000102.xml?language=en](https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004386242/BP000102.xml?language=en)  
> 30. ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚨᚾ ᛁᛗᛗᛁᚾᛖᚾᛏ ᛟᚱ ᚨᚲᛏᚢᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛒᛃ ᚾᛟᚾᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ | ᚨᛗᛖᚱᛁᚲᚨᚾ ᛃᛟᚢᚱᚾᚨᛚ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ \- ᚲᚨᛗᛒᚱᛁᛞᚷᛖ ᚢᚾᛁᚹᛖᚱᛊᛁᛏᛃ ᛈᚱᛖᛊᛊ & ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛗᛖᚾᛏ, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/selfdefense-against-an-imminent-or-actual-armed-attack-by-nonstate-actors/BC9C62E3157202F50234A452A714A421](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/selfdefense-against-an-imminent-or-actual-armed-attack-by-nonstate-actors/BC9C62E3157202F50234A452A714A421)  
> 31. ᛈᚱᛖ-ᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚹᚨᚱ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ, [https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/107827/PDF/07\_Pietkiewicz\_M\_Pre\_emptive\_war\_under\_international\_law.pdf](https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/107827/PDF/07_Pietkiewicz_M_Pre_emptive_war_under_international_law.pdf)  
> 32. ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ ᚺᚨᚾᛞᛒᛟᛟᚲ \> ᚲᚺᚨᛈᛏᛖᚱ 1: ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᛒᚨᛊᛖᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚦᛖ ᚢᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᚠᛟᚱᚲᛖ, [https://tjaglcs.army.mil/Periodicals/Deskbooks-Handbooks/Operational-Law-Handbook?topic=Chapter+1%3A+LEGAL+BASES+FOR+THE+USE+OF+FORCE](https://tjaglcs.army.mil/Periodicals/Deskbooks-Handbooks/Operational-Law-Handbook?topic=Chapter+1:+LEGAL+BASES+FOR+THE+USE+OF+FORCE)  
> 33. ᚨ ᛊᛗᛟᛚᛞᛖᚱᛁᛜ ᚹᛟᛚᚲᚨᚾᛟ: ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛏᛖᚱᚱᛟᚱᛁᛊᛗ ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱ ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ, [https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/03/a-smoldering-volcano-pakistan-and-terrorism-after-balakot](https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2019/03/a-smoldering-volcano-pakistan-and-terrorism-after-balakot)  
> 34. ᚦᛖ ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖᛗᛖᚾᛏ: ᛖᛊᛏᚨᛒᛚᛁᛊᚺᛁᛜ ᚨ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛁᛒᛚᛖ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ, [https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-balakot-statement-establishing-a-responsible-india-48914](https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/the-balakot-statement-establishing-a-responsible-india-48914)  
> 35. ᚦᛖ ᛈᚢᛚᚹᚨᛗᚨ ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱᛗᚨᚦ: ᛗᚨᚲᛁᛜ ᛊᛖᚾᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ'ᛊ ᚱᛖᛊᛈᛟᚾᛊᛖ \- ᛊᛟᚢᚦ ᚨᛊᛁᚨᚾ ᚹᛟᛁᚲᛖᛊ, [https://southasianvoices.org/the-pulwama-aftermath-making-sense-of-indias-response-%EF%BB%BF/](https://southasianvoices.org/the-pulwama-aftermath-making-sense-of-indias-response-%EF%BB%BF/)  
> 36. ᛈᚢᛚᚹᚨᛗᚨ-ᛒᚨᛚᚨᚲᛟᛏ ᚲᚱᛁᛊᛁᛊ & ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᛊᚹᛁᚠᛏ ᚱᛖᛏᛟᚱᛏ \- ᚲᛁᛊᛊ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ, [https://ciss.org.pk/PDFs/CISS-Special-Issue-Pulwama-Balakot-Crisis.pdf](https://ciss.org.pk/PDFs/CISS-Special-Issue-Pulwama-Balakot-Crisis.pdf)  
> 37. ᛈᛟᛊᛊᛁᛒᛁᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛈᛖᚨᚲᛖ: ᚢᚾᛈᚨᚲᚲᛁᛜ ᛁᚾᛞᛁᚨ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛈᚨᚲᛁᛊᛏᚨᚾ'ᛊ ᛒᛁᛚᚨᛏᛖᚱᚨᛚ ᚱᛖᛚᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ, [https://www.epw.in/engage/article/possibilities-peace-unpacking-india-and](https://www.epw.in/engage/article/possibilities-peace-unpacking-india-and)  
> 38. ᛈᛟᛚᛁᚲᛃ ᚱᛟᚢᚾᛞᛏᚨᛒᛚᛖ: ᚦᛖ ᚠᚢᛏᚢᚱᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛟᚢᚦ ᚨᛊᛁᚨ \- ᛏᛖᚲᛊᚨᛊ ᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ ᚱᛖᚹᛁᛖᚹ, [https://tnsr.org/roundtable/policy-roundtable-the-future-of-south-asia/](https://tnsr.org/roundtable/policy-roundtable-the-future-of-south-asia/)  
> 39. ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ'ᛊ ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛖᛊ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲ ᛟᚾ ᛁᚱᚨᚾ'ᛊ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᛈᚱᛟᚷᚱᚨᛗ | ᚦᛖ ᛃᛖᚱᚢᛊᚨᛚᛖᛗ ᛈᛟᛊᛏ, [https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-857607](https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-857607)  
> 40. ᛒᛖᚷᛁᚾ ᛞᛟᚲᛏᚱᛁᚾᛖ \- ᚹᛁᚲᛁᛈᛖᛞᛁᚨ, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin\_Doctrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin_Doctrine)  
> 41. ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚨᛏᛏᚨᚲᚲᛊ ᛟᚾ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ: ᚺᛁᛊᛏᛟᚱᛁᚲᚨᛚ ᛈᚨᛏᛏᛖᚱᚾᛊ, ᛚᛖᚷᚨᛚ ᚲᚺᚨᛚᛚᛖᛜᛖᛊ, ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛗᛈᛚᛁᚲᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚠᛟᚱ ᚷᛚᛟᛒᚨᛚ ᛊᛖᚲᚢᚱᛁᛏᛃ \- ᚹᛁᛁᛗᛖᛊ, [https://viimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ResearchfellowsArticlesEdited11\_26Dec2025.pdf](https://viimes.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ResearchfellowsArticlesEdited11_26Dec2025.pdf)  
> 42. ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ'ᛊ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚱᛁᛊᛁᛜ ᛚᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᚱᛁᚷᚺᛏ ᛟᚠ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᛊᛖ \- ᛚᛁᛖᛒᛖᚱ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛖ \- ᚹᛖᛊᛏ ᛈᛟᛁᚾᛏ, [https://lieber.westpoint.edu/israels-operation-rising-lion-right-of-self-defense/](https://lieber.westpoint.edu/israels-operation-rising-lion-right-of-self-defense/)  
> 43. ᛒᚱᛁᛖᚠᛁᛜ ᛗᛖᛗᛟ ᚦᛖ ᛈᚱᛖ-ᛖᛗᛈᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛚᛁᛏᛁᛖᛊ ᚱᛖᚹᛁᛊᛁᛏᛖᛞ, [https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/briefing/pdf/2012/briefing\_e166.pdf](https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/briefing/pdf/2012/briefing_e166.pdf)  
> 44. ᛁᛊᚱᚨᛖᛚ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᚹᛖᚨᛈᛟᚾᛊ \- ᚹᛁᚲᛁᛈᛖᛞᛁᚨ, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel\_and\_nuclear\_weapons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_and_nuclear_weapons)  
> 45. ᚹᚨᛏ ᚠᚨᚲᛏᛟᚱᛊ ᛞᚱᛁᚹᛖ U.S.-Israeli ᛞᛁᚠᚠᛖᚱᛖᚾᚲᛖᛊ ᛟᚾ ᛁᚱᚨᚾ'ᛊ ᚾᚢᚲᛚᛖᚨᚱ ᚲᚺᚨᛚᛚᛖᛜᛖ? \- ᚲᛊᛁᛊ, [https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-factors-drive-us-israeli-differences-irans-nuclear-challenge](https://www.csis.org/analysis/what-factors-drive-us-israeli-differences-irans-nuclear-challenge)  
> 46. ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᚹᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᚾ ᛊᛖᛚᚠ-ᛞᛖᚠᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᛊ ᚢᚾᛞᛖᚱ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ: \- ᚨᚱᚾᛟ, [http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=122909](http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=122909)  
> 47. ᚨ ᚲᛟᛚᛚᛖᚲᛏᛁᚹᛖ ᚠᚨᛁᛚᚢᚱᛖ ᛏᛟ ᛈᚱᛖᚹᛖᚾᛏ ᛏᚢᚱᚲᛖᛃ'ᛊ ᛟᛈᛖᚱᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ 'ᛈᛖᚨᚲᛖ ᛊᛈᚱᛁᛜ' ᚨᚾᛞ ᚾᚨᛏᛟ'ᛊ ᛊᛁᛚᛖᚾᚲᛖ ᛟᚾ ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᛚᚨᚹ \- ᛖᛃᛁᛚ: ᛏᚨᛚᚲ\!, [https://www.ejiltalk.org/a-collective-failure-to-prevent-turkeys-operation-peace-spring-and-natos-silence-on-international-law/](https://www.ejiltalk.org/a-collective-failure-to-prevent-turkeys-operation-peace-spring-and-natos-silence-on-international-law/)  
> 48. ᛊᛏᚨᛏᛖ ᛊᛟᚹᛖᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾᛏᛃ ᛞᛁᛊᚲᛟᚢᚱᛊᛖ ᚨᚾᛞ ᚦᛖ ᛃᚢᛊᛏ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛏᚱᚨᛞᛁᛏᛁᛟᚾ: ᚨᛊᛊᛖᛊᛊᛁᛜ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ'ᛊ 2008 ᚲᚱᛟᛊᛊ-ᛒᛟᚱᛞᛖᚱ ᚱᚨᛁᛞ ᛁᚾᛏᛟ ᛖᚲᚢᚨᛞᛟᚱ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛁᛏᛊ ᚠᛟᚱᛖᛁᚷᚾ ᛈᛟᛚᛁᚲᛃ \- ᛟᛈᚢᛊ ᚨᛏ ᚢᛏᛊ, [https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/116900/7/02whole.pdf](https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/116900/7/02whole.pdf)  
> 49. ᛁᛊ ᛖᚲᚢᚨᛞᛟᚱ ᚠᚨᚲᛁᛜ ᚨ ᚾᛟᚾ-ᛁᚾᛏᛖᚱᚾᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾᚨᛚ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏ ᚨᚷᚨᛁᚾᛊᛏ ᛟᚱᚷᚨᚾᛁᛉᛖᛞ ᚲᚱᛁᛗᛖ ᚷᚱᛟᚢᛈᛊ? ᚱᛖᚨᛚᛁᛏᛃ, ᛁᚾᚲᛟᚾᛊᛁᛊᛏᛖᚾᚲᛁᛖᛊ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛃᚢᚱᛁᛊᛈᚱᚢᛞᛖᚾᛏᛁᚨᛚ ᛞᛖᚹᛖᛚᛟᛈᛗᛖᚾᛏᛊ, [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/is-ecuador-facing-a-noninternational-armed-conflict-against-organized-crime-groups-reality-inconsistencies-and-jurisprudential-developments/CF3B29C014B9816F2FD11C55B20D838B](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-review-of-the-red-cross/article/is-ecuador-facing-a-noninternational-armed-conflict-against-organized-crime-groups-reality-inconsistencies-and-jurisprudential-developments/CF3B29C014B9816F2FD11C55B20D838B)  
> 50. ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ: ᛏᛟᚹᚨᚱᛞᛊ ᛏᛟᛏᚨᛚ ᛈᛖᚨᚲᛖ? \- ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛟ ᛖᛊᛈᚨñᛟᛚ ᛞᛖ ᛖᛊᛏᚢᛞᛁᛟᛊ ᛖᛊᛏᚱᚨᛏéᚷᛁᚲᛟᛊ \- ᚲᛖᛊᛖᛞᛖᚾ, [https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs\_investig/2023/DIEEEINV01\_2023\_FEDAZN\_Colombia\_ENG.pdf](https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_investig/2023/DIEEEINV01_2023_FEDAZN_Colombia_ENG.pdf)  
> 51. ᛁᛗᚨᚷᛖᛊ ᛟᚠ ᚦᛖ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨᚾ ᚨᚱᛗᛖᛞ ᚲᛟᚾᚠᛚᛁᚲᛏ 2002- 2010 \- ᚢᚲ ᛒᛖᚱᚲᛖᛚᛖᛃ, [https://escholarship.org/content/qt0cm960g2/qt0cm960g2.pdf](https://escholarship.org/content/qt0cm960g2/qt0cm960g2.pdf)  
> 52. ᚦᛖ ᛚᚨᚱᚷᛖᚱ ᛚᛖᛊᛊᛟᚾᛊ ᛟᚠ ᛈᛚᚨᚾ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ: ᚨ ᚲᚨᛊᛖ ᛟᚠ ᛁᚾᚾᛟᚹᚨᛏᛁᛟᚾ ᚨᚾᛞ ᛊᚢᚲᚲᛖᛊᛊ \- ᛊᛖᛗᚨᚾᛏᛁᚲ ᛊᚲᚺᛟᛚᚨᚱ, [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ad63/8d9f9ab9b7acc1a2eab9e2334192b00dbdd7.pdf](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ad63/8d9f9ab9b7acc1a2eab9e2334192b00dbdd7.pdf)  
> 53. ᚹᛖᛚᚲᛟᛗᛖ ᛏᛟ ᚦᛖ ᛃᚢᛜᛚᛖ: ᚲᛟᚢᚾᛏᛖᚱᛁᚾᛊᚢᚱᚷᛖᚾᚲᛃ ᛚᛖᛊᛊᛟᚾᛊ ᚠᚱᛟᛗ ᚲᛟᛚᛟᛗᛒᛁᚨ \- ᛗᛟᛞᛖᚱᚾ ᚹᚨᚱ ᛁᚾᛊᛏᛁᛏᚢᛏᛖ \-, [https://mwi.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Welcome-to-the-Jungle.pdf](https://mwi.westpoint.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Welcome-to-the-Jungle.pdf)